From ILMS-Wiki

(Difference between revisions)

Latest revision as of 09:07, 9 July 2014

This page has been moved to: http://ilms.uni-jena.de/ilmswiki/index.php/Applying_the_J2000_model

After a short time, this page will be removed!!

This tutorial has been prepared to use the J2000 hydrological model for hydrological system analysis of a river catchment. A test dataset of the Dudh Kosi river basin have been provided along with the tutorial. The Dudh Kosi river basin was used for the hydrological system analysis by using the J2000 hydrological model as a part of the PhD research (Nepal, 2012). The information provided here is largely based on this study [PhD Thesis]. Users can use the test data to get familiar with the model application. At the same time, users can prepare their own dataset to simulate the hydrological behavior of any catchment by following this tutorial. A separate section is provided at the end of the tutorial to use the J2000 model for a new catchment. [How to set up a new model]. Similarly, the information about the users forum for the Integrated Landscape Management System (ILMS) application is also provided at the end which can be used as a discussion forum to discuss issues related to the modelling application. Via the forum, the model developers and users can be reached.

The different components of the ILMS software (ILMSimage, ILMSgis, ILMSmodel, and ILMSexplore) can be downloaded from here. This tutorial also explains how to install the ILMS software package.

Who can use the tutorial

The tutorial is prepared in such a way that the J2000 hydrological model can be used independently without any techtical support from model developers. Therefore, it can be used by students, model developers and researchers for the hydrological system analysis of a catchment. The tutorial should be read in conjunction with other sub-tutorials which has been mentioned in different part of this tutorial. Additionally, the tutorial is supplied with test dataset of the Dudh Kosi river basin (Nepal, 2012) which users can use to get familiar with the different aspects of the J2000 model. Similarly, users can also create their own dataset of the catchment of interest to run the model.

Description of the test dataset

The tutorial is accompanied by the test dataset of the Dudh Kosi river basin. The Dudh Kosi river basin is a sub-catchment of the Kosi river basin, Nepal located in the Himalayan region. The Department of Hydrology Meteorology (DHM), Government of Nepal, collects and manage the hydro-meteorological data. Six precipitation and one climate station is available in the Dudh Kosi river basin. Since, the measured data is not allowed to distribute publicly, the data provided here is not from the real stations. These data are from virtual stations in which the data the regionalized data were used and further processed with random errors. These input dataset are provided below along with the workspace directory to run the J2000 model. The users are expected to use the tutorial along with the test data to understand different aspects of the J2000 modelling system and also aim to prepare their own datasets to run the model. Users should contact the DHM Nepal directly to get the real observed data from the stations. The modelling results with the measured data from DHM, Nepal can be found in the PhD dissertation (Nepal, 2012).

To understand the motivation, objectives, methodological approach and the study area adopted for the hydrological system dynamics of the Dudh Kosi river basin, the PhD thesis can be referred for further details.

The J2000 model

The J2000 model is a distributed and process oriented distributed hydrological model for hydrological simulations of meso-and macro-scale catchments. It is implemented in the Jena Adaptable Modelling system (JAMS), which is a software framework for component-based development and application of environmental models (Kralisch and Krause 2006, Kralisch et.al. 2007). The simulation of different hydrological processes is carried out in encapsulated process modules which are to a great extend independent of each other. This allows changing, substituting or adding single modules or processes without having to restructure the model once again from the start. With this flexibility, a glacier module is integrated as a part of the study carried out by Nepal (2012) in the Himalayan region.

The modelling application represents the important hydrological processes of a river catchment. The principal layout of the J2000 hydrological model is provided in the figure below. The layout also includes the glacier module which has been applied in the Himalayan region. The modelling system differentiates among four different runoff components according to their specific origin. The component with the highest temporal dynamics is the fast direct runoff (RD1) (overland flow). It consists of the runoff of sealed areas and surface runoff originating due to saturated access and infiltration access runoff. The slow direct runoff component (RD2) (also known as Interflow 1), which corresponds to the lateral hypodermic runoff within soil zone, reacts slightly more slowly. This process reacts slightly more slowly than RD1. Two further base flow runoff components can be distinguished. The relatively 'fast baseflow runoff (RG1) (also known as Interflow 2) simulates the runoff from the upper part of an aquifer, which is more permeable due to weathering, compared to the lower zone of the aquifer. The slow baseflow runoff component (RG2), which can be seen as flow within fractures of solid rocks or matrix in homogeneous unconsolidated aquifers.

The detailed description of the modelling systems is provided in many publications. Some of the important publications are: (Krause, 2001,; Krause 2002,; Krause, 2010,; Nepal, 2012; Kralisch and Krause 2006,; Kralisch et.al. 2007). Some of the publications can be also accessed from this link: http://jams.uni-jena.de/index.php?id=5582&L=2

Dataset preparation

Model parameter files

The requirements of the data to run the J2000 hydrological model is discussed in detail here. Two types of data are required i) model parameter files and ii) meteorological input data. The first one is prepared and quantified inside the GIS environment and known as model parameter files. The parameter files and their values are static in the modelling application.

Users have to prepare all the input data (i.e. soil, land cover, geology, DEM) in raster format with certain resolution. While delineating HRUs, all the input data has to be provided in the same resolution. The resolution of the dataset mainly controls the number of HRUs to be formed without losing the heterogeneity of a catchment. Therefore, the resolution of input data depends upon the catchment to be modelled. For example, if the catchment is small (e.g. 1000 km²), the resolution between 30-90 is suitable depending upon the resolution of the available dataset. Similarly, for meso-scale catchment (e.g. 4000 km²), resolution between 250-500 m is suitable. In addition, a catchment with flat topography (e.g. low gradient) needs fine resolution data to characterise the features of a catchment.

The detailed descriptions to derive the parameter files are provided below:

Soil parameter file

The detailed information required for the soil parameter file is provided in Table below.

Parameter	Description
SID	soil type ID
depth	soil depth
kf_min	minimum permeability coefficient
depth_min	depth of the horizon above the horizon with the smallest permeability coefficient
kf_max	maximum permeability coefficient
cap_rise	Boolean variable, that allows (1) or restricts (0) capillary ascension
aircap	air capacity (equivalent to large pore storage (LPS))
fc_sum	usable field capacity (equivalent to middle pore storage (MPS))
fc_1 ...22	usable field capacity per decimeter of profile depth

The soil parameter file is one of the important parameter files which needs a range of information as shown in the table above to produce a comprehensive characterization regarding water holding capacity of different soil types. For this, the texture information of soil types of different soil horizons are required. A detailed description of how to produce a soil parameter file is provided here:

How to prepare soil parameter file

Land cover parameter file

The land-use parameter file requires information about the land-use and land-cover of a catchment which controls the different aspects of hydrology. Such information can be derived from literature where the spatial information about the land-use and land-cover is provided. Alternatively, such information can be estimated by using remote sensing images and subsequent classification. The J2000 hydrological model requires major classification of land-use and land-cover which affects the hydrological dynamics.

How to prepare land cover parameter file

Hydro-geological parameter file

The information required for the Hydro-geological parameter file is provided below:

hgeo.par

parameter	description
GID	hydro-geology ID
RG1_max	maximum storage capacity of the upper ground-water reservoir
RG2_max	maximum storage capacity of the lower ground-water reservoir
RG1_k	storage coefficient of the upper ground-water reservoir
RG2_k	storage coefficient of the lower ground-water reservoir

The storage capacity of the upper (RG1) and lower (RG2) groundwater storage can be estimated by analyzing geological information of the area. The storage capacity is normally controlled by the geological formation, rock types, origin and nature of rocks and permeability. These values are expressed as maximum storage volume in mm/day of each storage type. The storage coefficient values (RG1_k and RG2_k) are used as a general recession co-efficient of two storage. These are expressed as retention time in days in the particular storage. The recession is further controlled by a flexible calibration parameter within the model.

The detailed description of the hydro-geological parameter is provided here: How to derive hydro-geological parameter file

HRUs and Reach parameter files

Hydrological Response Units (HRUs) are the modelling entities for the J2000 hydrological model. HRUs are 'spatial model entities which are distributed, heterogeneous structured entities having a common climate, land-use, soil, and geology controlling their hydrological dynamics' (Flügel 1995). The areas which comprise similar properties such as topography (slope, aspects), land-use, soil and geology, and behave similarly in their hydrological response, are merged to develop a HRU. The variation of the hydrological process dynamics within the HRU should be relatively small compared to the dynamics in a different HRU (Flügel 1995).

The process of delineating HRUs is described in the following tutorial. GRASS-HRU tutorial. Users need to prepare the following file for the HRU delineation.

Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
Soil
Land-use
Hydro-geology

All these data must be supplied in a *.tiff data format with the same resolution. The delineation of HRUs processes provides HRU and Reach parameter files at the end.

HRU parameter file (*hru.par)

HRU schematic diagram

parameter	description
ID	HRU ID
x	easting of the centroid point
y	northing of the centroid point
elevation	mean elevation
area	area
type	drainage type: HRU drains in HRU (2), HRU drains in channel part (3)
to_poly	ID of the underlying HRU
to_reach	ID of the adjacent channel part
slope	slope
aspect	aspect
flowlength	flow length
soilID	ID soil class
landuseID	ID land use class
hgeoID	ID hydrogeologic class

A sample HRU parameter file is provided below.

The HRU parameter file stores the spatial attributes of the catchment area where information about elevation, area, aspect, coordinates (x,y), land-use type (landuseID), hydrogeology(hgeoID) and soil(soilID) is stored for each HRU. The HRUs are topologically connected for lateral routing to simulate lateral water transport processes from an HRU to an HRU and were further connected to a nearby reach for reach routing. The column (to_poly) defines the HRU which passes water to the next HRU.

The connection between the HRU parameter file and other parameter files is solved inside former. For example, in the HRU parameter file, the HRU id 1 has all the necessary information as required in the table above, including the land-use, the soil and geology type which the HRU1 belongs to:

Reach parameter file (*reach.par)

parameter	description
ID	channel part ID
length	length
to-reach	ID of the underlying channel part
slope	slope
rough	roughness value according to MANNING
width	width

The reach parameter file stores the information about stream characteristics as well as the relationship between stream networks to accomplish reach routing. The reach parameter file contains information on the structure of the flow topology by noting the ID for every reach into which it transfers. The reach parameter is produced along with the HRU delineation process and also comprises the information as required in the table above.

With respect to the figure of the HRU parameter file above, the HRU ID 1 contributes water directly to REACH ID 1 whereas HRU ID 16 contributes water to HRU ID 5 which then contributes to REACH ID 2. The interactions between the parameter files were solved by a relation between soil, land use and hydrogeological descriptors in the HRU parameter file and respective descriptors in the other parameter files.

[Important] The sample parameter files are provided in the workspace directory.

Meteorological input data

The J2000 hydrological model requires the following input data for the model initialization:

name	description	unit
ahum.dat	absolute humidity	g/cm³
orun.dat	measured flow passage at the runoff	m³/s
rain.dat	measured amount of precipitation	mm
rhum.dat	relative humidity	%
sunh.dat	sunshine duration	h
tmax.dat	maximum temperature	°C
tmean.dat	mean air temperature	°C
tmin.dat	minimum temperature	°C
wind.dat	wind speed	m/s

The J2000 modelling system uses Inverse Distance Weightings (IDW) with the elevation correction method for the regionalization of the input climate data. The figure below shows the parameter of the regionalization approach for the Dudh Kosi river basin. The values for this parameter can be changed from the JAMS builder. The temperature regionalization for the Dudh Kosi river basin was carried out with constant lapse rate for summer and winter periods because of lack of many stations.

The detailed description of the regionalization approach is provided in: [Regionalization approach of the J2000]

All the meteorological input data might not be available in some catchments. Normally, temperature and precipitation data are commonly available. If there are only few stations (less than 3) for some parameters, the IDW does not work properly. In that case, the same input value is applied for the entire catchment. For some particular variables, for example, temperature, this approach would bring large amounts of errors/uncertainties. In such cases, the regionalization approach based on a lapse rate is suggested for temperature. The details of this approach are provided in Nepal, 2012.

The relative humidity, wind and sunshine hours are also not frequently available in some catchments. These values are used for the estimation of evapotranspiration while using the Penman-Monteith approach. The sunshine hours and wind speed can be assumed to be enough from one station, in case no other station data is available. In such cases, the same station value is applied for a whole catchment. The one station value for relative humidity also brings certain errors while calculating relative humidity using absolute humidity and temperature. In the J2000 modelling system, a direct regionalization of the relative humidity values is not recommended. The details are provided in the calculation of evapotranspiration sub-tutorial.

In case these data (rhum, sunh, wind) are not available the Pennmann-Monteith approach cannot be used. Rather a more empirical approach based on temperature such as Hargreaves, can be used.

A sample of the Input data of the rainfall (rain.dat) file is provided below:

The input data must be saved with the extension .dat (example: rain.dat). The data in excel format can be saved as 'Text (tab delineated)(*.txt)' and changing the extension from *.txt to *.dat*. At the end of the each dataset, the data column must be ended by #end of data.dat. For more details, download the sample data file:

Each data file has the following structure (demonstrated here for the example "rainfall"):

line	description
#rain.dat rainfall
@dataValueAttribs
rain 0 9999 mm	name of the data series, smallest possible value, biggest possible value, unit
@dataSetAttribs
missingDataVal -9999	value to mark missing data values
dataStart 01.01.1979 7:30	date and time of the first data value
dataEnd 31.12.2000 7:30	date and time of the last data value
tres d	temporal resolution of the data (here: days)
@statAttribVal
name stat1 stat14	names of the rainfall stations
ID 1574... 1309	numeric id of the rainfall stations (ID)
elevation 525... 321	elevation station1... elevation station14
x 4402310... 4406282	easting station1... easting station14
y 5620906... 5644937	northing station1... northing station14
dataColumn 1... 14	number of the particular column in the data part
@dataVal	beginning of data part
01.01.1979 07:30 0.8... 0.3	date, time, value station1... station14
...
17.10.2000 07:30 0.1..0.1	date, time, value station1... station14
#end of rain.dat	end of data part

The sample files of input data can be downloaded from the workspace directory provided in here.

Workspace for input data

The input data of the J2000 hydrological model has to be provided in a specific folder considered as a 'workspace directory'. This directory contains all the input data required to run the model as well as the model output files. The workspace directory of 'Dudh Kosi model' is provided herewith with all the input dataset from 1987 to 1990 required to run the model. As explained earlier, the input data provided here are not from the observed stations. They are from some hypothetical stations derived from regioanlized data in addition to unsystematic random errors.

File:J2000 DudhKosi Tutorial.zip

Glacier module extension for the J2000 model

Important Note: Both J2000_DudhKosi_Tutorial.zip and J2000Himalaya.zip files have been updated on 9 July 2014.

Important Note:

J2000Himalaya.zip contains a J2K_Himalaya.jar file which is an extension of the glacier module to the standard J2000 hydrological model. Therefore, this jar file has to be copied in the lib folder (\Program Files\jams\lib) [if your basin has glaciers]. The lib folder already contains J2K.jar file when users download the JAMS software along with the test dataset of the Gelberg catchment. Users can also keep the J2000Himalaya.jar file in different locations, but the path has to be defined when the model is run first time by the following steps:

[JAMS Launcher(or JAMS Builder)-->>Edit-->>Edit perferences]. A new window 'JAMS preferences' will appear. Users need to locate the location of the *jar file by clicking + sign).

Folders and files

The workspace directory has three main folders: input, output and parameters. The input folder has all the required input data to run the model. The parameter folder has parameter files (hru.par, hgeo.par, landuse.par, soil.par and reach.par). The output folder contains output files of different variables after the model is successfully run. A sample workspace of test dataset is provided herewith which provides an idea of how to organize the workspace directory for the J2000 hydrological model.

Folder: input

The input folder has 12 xml files of all input data. Please copy and paste these files as they are the connector for the real input data which are located inside the folder 'local'.

subfolder: local

The folder the inside input folder contains the input data for eight variables (rain.dat, rhum.dat, sunh.dat, tmax.dat, tmean.dat, tmin.dat, wind.dat). ahum.dat is created when the model is run for the first time by using the existing data.

subfolder: gis

Some GIS layers can be put here to display the spatial distribution of some output variables (for example, the spatial distribution of precipitation in a catchment (2D and 3D). For this, users need to put the DEM file of a catchment (data format: *.asc). The resolution of the DEM should be similar to the input DEM for the HRU delineation process. Users need to copy the styles.sld file, which is required to display a map. Additionally, HRUs, streams and station data files (*.shp) can be put in a separate folder to display the variables in a map component. The names of these files and folders have to be defined in a model xml file [model xml file].

'subfolder: dump'

Create a folder with a name 'dump' which is used to dump temporary files.

Folder: output

The folder output has two xml files (HRULoop.xml and TimeLoop.xml) and a folder current. These *.xml file defines the variables for which the output is created. Similarly, the output data are put inside the current folder (file names: TimeLoop.dat and HRULoop.dat). The relevancy of these output data is discussed in the sub-tutorial 'Model output' below. [Subsection: Numerical display]

Folder: parameter

The folder contains parameter files (hgeo.par, hru.par, landuse.par, reach.par, soils.par). Please remember that these names should be same in the model xml file.

Folders: explorer and tmp

The other folder inside the workspace is the explorer and the tmp that is used to dump some temporary files generated while running the model.

Model xml file

The workspace directory also contains a model xml file. The model files can be read as *.xml or *.jams. These model files are provided in an example test dataset.

Definition of the Model xml file:

An example of few model xml files is provided herewith. Please unzip the file to use it.

File:J2k gehlberg.zip: This is a standard J2000 model xml file provided in the Gelberg test data. The Gelberg catchment in Germany has sufficient input data to use IDW method for regionalization

File:J2K DudhKosi SantoshPhD Tutorial 2.zip: This is a model xml file of the Dudh Kosi river basin in the Himalayan region. The region has glaciers and only one temperature station. Therefore, Temperature lapse rate module is used for temperature regionalization.

File:J2k Hargreves.zip: This is a model xml file for data scarce region (temperature and precipitation only) and the potential evapotranspiration is calculated using the Hargreaves Salami method.

By applying different modules, the data requirement for the model is changed. In such condition, different modules are disable or removed in the xml file. For example, for Hargreaves Salami module , the wind, sunshine hour and relative humidity is not required. Therefore, the data reader and regionalization of these parameters are disabled in the J2k_Hargreaves xml. If users want to use Hargreaves Salami module, it is advised that users compare the xml file and data requirements with the Dudh Kosi or Gelberg xml.

The model xml file contains the logical structure of the model framework and modules used in the model. It is organized in a systematic way that output from one module is supplied as input to the next one (example: snowmelt (output from the snow module is an input for the soil water module). This file also contains information about the display of different variables and outputs in the JAMS framework. The model xml can be viewed using the JAMS builder to understand the different component of a specific model.

Users can follow this tutorial to get familiar with the JAMS Builder. This tutorial is very important to understand different fuctions of JAMS builders. For example, how to upload an existing model, how to create a new model.

An example of the Dudh Kosi model is provided in the JAMS builder in the figure below.

The left window shows the location of model source code files which are required to run a model. All the model source codes are inside the *.jar file. For the J2000 model, a J2000.jar file is used. The middle window provides information about the modules used in the model xml file of the Dudh Kosi model. These are provided in logical structure where the output of one module is provided as input to next. A detailed description of these different modules will be provided in the subsequent section. An example of the Maximum temperature regionalisation module (TmaxLapseRate) is shown in the JAMS builder below. The module uses single station temperature data to regionalize the maximum temperature in a catchment. By clicking the TmaxLapseRate in the middle column under Regionalization, the detailed information of the module is displayed in the right windows as shown in the figure below.

All the variables used in the modules are provided under the column 'Name' as shown in Figure above. The column 'Type' describes the characteristics of variables in terms of the information (data, quality) they store in these variables. The column 'R/W' determines their input and output nature. Such as 'statElev' is a elevation of a temperature station which is denoted by R. This means that the information is input to the module from a previous module and denoted by 'Read'. The 'W' denotes Write which is the new output value from this module. The calibration parameters, if any, are provided in the column 'Value'. This information can be changed from JAMS builder instantly. Upon clicking the variable, the information on 'attribute configuration' will be filled. This information can be changed. Please click on 'set' to save the information.

The model can be run from JAMS builder by clicking the button 'Run Model [1]' or 'Run Model from JAMS launcher[2]' as denoted by red box in the figure below. Clicking the box "1" will directly launch the model, whereas the box "2" will launch JAMS launcher. The latter will provide options to change the model parameters (such as parameter values, time period)etc.

A more detailed description of the model xml file in relation to different modules and variables used in the model source codes are described in Krause (2011). This document can be generated from the JAMS builder instantly. Click on the 'Model' from top banner and 'Generate Model Documentation'. The model documentation will be available in pdf format for download.

The model xml can also be viewed and edited using a text editor software (such as PSPad) as shown below for the 'Maximum Temperature Regionalization module'.

<component class="org.unijena.j2k.regionalisation.TemperatureLapseRate1" name="TmaxLapseRate">

This line defines the location of the module TemperatureLapseRate1 in the model library file *J2000.jar.

<var name="lapseRateWinter" value="0.6"/>
<var name="lapseRateSummer" value="0.55"/>

The value of lapseRateWinter and lapserateSummer is the calibration parameter which is a lapse rate of change in temperature per 100 meter.

<var attribute="elevation" context="HRULoop" name="entityElev"/>

The attribute elevation defines the elevation of an HRU which is the input variable to the TemperatureLapseRate1 module. The model reads the elevation of each HRU from the HRU parameter file as explained earlier.

<var attribute="time" context="J2K" name="time"/>

time defines the temporal resolution of the model (eg. daily)

<var attribute="tmax" context="HRULoop" name="outputValue"/>

tmax is the maximum temperature as an output value from the module. It calculates a maximum temperature for each HRU using the input variables inside the module.

<var attribute="elevationTmax" context="J2K" name="statElev"/>

elevationTmax is the input variable of elevation of maximum temperature station. The model read the elevation from the temperature station in an input file (e.g. tmax.dat).

<var attribute="dataArrayTmax" context="J2K" name="inputValue"/>

dataArrayTmax is the input variable of maximum temperature on a particular date.

<var attribute="tmaxOrder" context="HRULoop" name="statOrder"/>

tmaxOrder defines the order of the station in case more than 1 temperature station is available based on the distance of an HRU with the temperature station. In that case, the model recognizes the nearby station from the particular HRU.

The logical order of the variables used in the module is very important in the model xml file. For example, each input variable must be defined earlier before it is used. For example, the input variable 'dataArrayTmax' is defined earlier in a module called 'TmaxDataReader'. The module reads all the maximum temperature daily data in a format which the model can recognize. Similarly, the output variable 'tmax'(maximum temperature) is then used in a later section. For example: the tmax (maximum temperature) value of each HRU is used to calculate its snowmelt.

The calibration parameters can be displayed in the JAMS framework before running the model. For this, the GUI builder of the JAMS launcher can be used (Figure below). Here the example for the Temperature lapse rate has been shown. The temperature lapse rate can be kept under the group regionalization.

1. First click on the GUI builder and choose the group 'regionalization' and then click on 'add properties'. A new window 'Model parameter editor' will appear where the information of the model component can be changed.

2. For example, in the 'Component' class, choose TmaxLapseRate. In Variable/attribute, choose lapseRateSummer. Similarly, the name and description of the parameter also have to be filled, along with its lower and upper boundary of the parameter. Users can choose the calibration parameter in between the boundary range. They can also put extra information under Help Text to provide more detailed information about the parameter. When all the information is filled in, clicking "OK", will bring the parameter in the modelling framework. Likewise, in the next step, users can choose the 'lapseRateWinter' for TmaxLapseRate. This is due to the maximum temperature being regionalized with two different lapse rates for summer and winter and also fill in the other information as required as shown in the figure below:

The same process can be repeated with TmeanLapseRate and TminLapseRate for summer and winter periods.

The figure below shows the calibration parameters for the lapse rate which are displayed in the JAMS framework. Users can change the value from the JAMS launcher before running the model.

Display model results and output

The xml file comprises components to display model results of certain variables. The model output results can be viewed in the JAMS window after running the model. The spatial distribution of certain output variables (such as precipitation, evapotranspiration) can be displayed at the end of the model run, including the 3D map. In addition, the model also provides the different efficiency results of statistical evaluation at the end of the model run.

The description of the output of model results are provided in the following sub-tutorial: [Output of model results]

Modules within the J2000 hydrological Model

This section describes the different modules within the J2000 hydrological model. The calibration parameters applicable to each module are also described with focus on their influence on streamflow. Following are the important modules in the J2000 hydrological model.

Precipitation distribution module
Interception module
Snow module
Glacier module
Interception module
Soil module
Groundwater module
Lateral routing
Reach routing

Calculation of Evapotranspiration

The detailed description of calculation of evapotranspiration using the Pennmann-Monteith approach (Allen, 1998) is provided in this sub-tutorial.

[Calculation of evapotranspiration]

Precipitation distribution module

Calibration parameters

Parameters	Description	Global range	For the Dudh Kosi model
Trans	threshold temperature	0 to - 5	2
Trs	base temperature for snow and rain	-5 to +5	0

These parameters are considered as non-flexible parameters and not necessarily placed in the JAMS framework as tunable parameters.

In the J2000 modelling system, the precipitation is first distributed between rain and snow depending upon the air temperature. Two calibration parameters (Trans, and Trs) are used where Trs is base temperature and Trans is a temperature range (upper and lower boundary) above and below the base temperature. In order to determine the amount of snow and rain, it is assumed that precipitation below a certain threshold temperatures results in total snow precipitation and exceeding a second threshold results in total rainfall as precipitation. In the range (Trans) between those threshold temperatures, mixed precipitation occurs.

Relevancy in modelling

Putting the Trs values below zero (e.g. -2) will bring more precipitation in the form of 'rain' than 'snow'.

The detailed description of this module along with the algorithm as defined in the model source code is provided in: [Precipitation distribution module]

Interception module

Calibration parameters

Parameters (units)	Description	Global range	For the Dudh Kosi model
α_rain (mm)	storage capacity (m²) of particular land cover for rain in mm	0 to +5	1.0
α_snow (mm)	storage capacity (m²) of particular land cover for snow in mm	0 to +5	1.28

The calibration parameters of the interception module in the JAMS builder is provided in the figure below:

Interception is a process during which the precipitation is stored in leaves, and other open surfaces of vegetation. This process is identified as important components of a hydrological cycle that can affect the water balance components. Canopy and residue interception are considered losses to the system, as any rainfall intercepted by either of these components will subsequently be reduced by the evapotranspiration process. The interception module uses a simple storage approach according to Dickinson (1984), which calculates a maximum interception storage capacity based on the Leaf Area Index (LAI) of the particular type of land cover. The model gets the LAI information of different seasons from the land-cover parameter file. When the maximum storage is reached, the surplus is passed as throughfall to the soil module.

The parameters as shown in the figure above have a different value, depending on the type of the intercepted precipitation (rain or snow). This is due to the fact that the maximum interception capacity of snow is noticeably higher than that of a liquid precipitation.

Relevancy in modelling

Keeping the high value of parameters (a_snow and a_rain) will store more water on leave surfaces which leads to higher evapotranspiration and less water available for next module (i.e. soil module) runoff and vice versa.

The detailed description of this module along with the algorithm as defined in the model source code is provided in: [Interception module]

Snow module

Calibration parameters

Parameters (units)	Description	Global range	For the Dudh Kosi model
snowCritDens (%)	Critical density of snowpack	0 to 1	0.381
snowColdContent	cold content of snowpack	0 to 1	0.0012
baseTemp (oC)	threshold temperature for snowmelt	-5 to 5	0
t_factor	melt factor by sensible heat	0 to 5	2.84
r_factor	melt factor by liquid precipitation	0 to 5	0.21
g_factor	melt factor by soil heat flow	0 to 5	3.73

The calibration parameters of the snow module in the JAMS builder is provided in the figure below:

The J2000 snow module is carried out according to the method described in Knauf (1976) including some changes and extensions. The module estimates different state variables of the snow pack such as snow depth, snow density and snow water equivalent, which can be used for the process oriented multi-response validation. The module mainly describes the accumulation, melting and subsidence phases of a snow pack.

If the melt temperature exceeds the temperature limit value ( baseTemp), the snowmelt process begins. The snowColdContent parameter takes into account the cold content of the snow pack. The temperature of the snow pack has to be close to 0 to start the snowmelt process. Negative air temperatures are accumulated and decreased only by positive temperatures and to realize the snowmelt process.

The melt energy required for the calculation of potential snow melt is supplied in the form of sensible heat by air temperature (t_factor), energy input from precipitation as rain (r_factor) and input due to soil heat flow (g_factor). This potential melt rate is further modified according to slope and aspect of the HRU. The snow pack is able to store liquid water (as supplied in the form of potential snow melt) in its pores up to a certain density limit (CritDens). This storage capacity is lost almost completely and irreversibly when reaching a certain critical density of the snowpack (i.e. amount of free water in relation to the total snow-water equivalent between 40% and 45%) according to (Bertle 1966; Herrmann 1976). The resulting snow snowmelt is supplied to the soil module.

Relevancy in modelling

baseTemp is a threshold temperature for snow melt. The melting only occurs if the air temperature is higher than baseTemp. Keeping the value high will make more snow to store and less snowmelt occurs and vice versa. This parameter is very important in case the basin has seasonal snow storage and melt. The best value can be found around the value 0.

snowCritDens is an important calibration parameter as this allows liquid water from snowpack to be melt when the critical density is higher than this value. This storage capability is lost nearly completely and irreversibly when a certain amount of liquid water proportionally to the total snow water equivalent (around 40%) is reached. Keeping this parameter value low will release the liquid water from snowpack quickly (as the critical density of snow is reached faster ) with less amount of snow and related depth. The high value of this parameter results more time to reach the critical density which will require more fresh snow to occur.

snowColdContent helps to reach the cold content of a snowpack close to zero so that the melting process start. Higher value will help to reach the cold content of a snowpack to zero faster than low value.

t_factor is one of the most important and sensitive parameters to produce melt runoff from a snowpack. The higher value will produce higher snowmelt and vice versa for low value. The higher t_factor value along with r_factor and g_factor will provide heat energy to melt the snowpack and produce runoff.

The detailed description of this module along with the algorithm as defined in the model source code is provided in: [Snow module]

Glacier module

Calibration parameters

Parameters (units)	Description	Global range	For the Dudh Kosi model
meltFactorIce	melt factor for Ice	0 to 5	2.5
tbase (oC)	threshold temperature for melt	-5 to 5	-1
debrisFactor	debris factor for ice melt	0 to 10	3
alphaIce	radiation melt factor for ice	0 to 5	0.2
kIce	melt factor by sensible heat	0 to 50	5
kSnow	melt factor by liquid precipitation	0 to 50	5
kRain	melt factor by soil heat flow	0 to 50	3

The calibration parameters of the glacier module in the JAMS builder is provided in the figure below. Users can choose the method to calculate the glacier icemelt between simple degree-day [1] factor and enhanced degree-day factor [2] in the 'melt formula'. The calibration parameter at the bottom 'ddfIce' is applicable for the simple degree day factor [1].

The seasonal or fresh snow in glacier areas is processed using the J2KProcessSnow as described in the Snow Module in the previous section. When snow storage is zero in the glacier HRU, the glacier ice melt process begins using the enhanced degree day factor. The energy for glacier ice melt is represented by the degree-day factor which is the general function of temperature and radiation (meltFactorIce and alphaIce). The melt rate is further adapted to slope and aspect of the specific HRU. The model also segregates the debris covered and non-debris covered glacier HRU by using the slope of HRUs. If the slope is higher than 30 degree, the glacier HRU is considered as non-debris covered glaciers. In the debris covered glacier HRU, the ice melt is further controlled by the calibration parameter debrisFactor. The outcome from the glacier area is snowmelt (from fresh snow), glacier ice melt and rain runoff (rain-on-glaciers). All these three melt runoff are routed through the glacier areas using three different routing for snow, ice and rain (kSnow, KIce and kRain). At the end, the glacier melt, which is the product of three different runoff (snowmelt, icemelt and rain runoff), are supplied to nearby reach as overland flow (RD1).

Relevancy in modelling:

meltFactorIce is one of the sensitive parameters of the glacier module. The higher value causes higher glacier ice melt and vice versa.

tbase is a threshold temperature for snow melt. The melting only occurs if the air temperature is higher than tbase. Keeping the value high will make more snow to store and less snowmelt occurs and vice versa. The best value can be found around the value 0.

debrisFactor controls the ice melt. The higher value (e.g. 4) means the icemelt is reduced by 40% in the debris covered glacier.

alphaIce bring the radiation factor for snowmelt. The higher value will cause higher glacier ice melt.

kIce, kSnow and kRain are routing coefficient. The lower values represents the short residential time of the potential melt runoff. It is assumed that the rain on glacier surface drains faster than snowmelt and icemelt.

The detailed description of the glacier module along with the algorithm as defined in the model source code is provided in Glacier Module

Soil water module

Calibration parameters

Parameters (units)	Description	Global range	For the Dudh Kosi model
soilMaxDPS (mm)	maximum depression storage	0 to 10	2
soilLinRed	linear reduction co-efficient for AET	-5 to 5	-1
soilMaxInfSummer (mm)	maximum infiltration in summer	0 to 200	60
soilMaxInfWinter (mm)	maximum infiltration in winter	0 to 200	75
soilMaxInfSnow (mm)	maximum infiltration in snow cover areas	0 to 200	40
soilImpGT80	infiltration for areas greater than 80% sealing	0 to 1	0.5
soilImpLT80	infiltration for areas lesser than 80% sealing	0 to 1	0.5
soilDistMPSLPS	MPS-LPS distribution coefficient	0 to 10	0.3
soilDiffMPSLPS	MPS-LPS diffusion coefficient	0 to 10	0.5
soilOutLPS	outflow coefficient for LPS	0 to 10	0.3
soilLatVertLPS	lateral vertical distribution coefficient	0 to 10	0.5
soilMaxPerc (mm)	maximum percolation rate to groundwater	0 to 100	10
soilConcRD1Flood	recession coefficient for flood event	0 to 10	1.3
soilConcRD1Floodthreshold	threshold value for soilConcRD1Flood	0 to 500	300
soilConcRD1	recession coefficient for overland flow	0 to 10	2.8
soilConcRD2	recession coefficient for Interflow	0 to 10	3

The calibration parameters of the soil water module in the JAMS builder is provided in the figure below:

The soil module is the most complex part of the J2000 hydrological model which reflects the central role of the soil zone as a regulation and distribution system. The input for the soil module is snowmelt and precipitation in the form of rain. The middle pore storage (MPS) and large pore storage (LPS) represents the water holding capacity of the soil. The water in the MPS represents the field capacity in which water is held against gravity but can be subtracted by an active tension eg. plant transpiration. The input to the soil module is first used to fill the MPS and LPS, which determines the current soil moisture. The soil moisture conditions influence the infiltration process. The infiltration capacity of the particular soil is calculated based the actual soil moisture. Besides this, there are three different infiltration parameters (soilMaxInfSummer, soilMaxInfWinter and soilMaxInfsnow) which controls the infiltration during summer, winter and snow cover. In case of the sealed areas, only certain amount of water on the surface is able to infiltrate which is controlled by two parameters (soilImpGT80 and soilImpLT80). The water which is not able to infiltrate is stored at the land surface, as depression storage, up to a certain amount as defined in calibration parameter (soilMaxDPS) and any surplus is treated as overland flow (RD1). The infiltrated water is then distributed between the MPS and LPS which is controlled by two calibration parameters (soilDistMPSLPS and soilDiffMPSLPS). The water available in MPS can be reduced by evapotranspiration for which the root depth of the respective land cover in the soil is important. The water is the LPS is distributed between the lateral and vertical components (soilLatVertLPS). The lateral flow is responsible for producing interflow from the unsaturated zone (RD2) which can be controlled by soilOutLPS. The vertical flow (percolation) is supplied to groundwater zone (saturated zone) for which the rate of percolation is controlled by soilMaxPerc. The surplus is supplied to the LPS to release as overland flow (RD2). The overland flow and Interflow 2 are controlled by retention coefficient (soilConcRD1 and soilConcRD2).

In the case of overland flow, the retention time period may be different during high flow periods due to non-linear behavior of a catchment. For this, new parameters are introduced to represent the non-linear behavior during the monsoon season of the Himalayan region. Therefore, a new parameter (soilConcRD1Flood), as a recession co-efficient for overland flow during high flood peak period, when the volume of overland flow crosses the threshold soilConcRD1Floodthreshold defined as a calibration parameter.

Relevancy in modelling

soilMaxDPS influences the water stored in depression areas. The higher value of this parameter causes higher amount of water to be stored as depression storage and less water to be available for overland flow.

soilLinRed reduces the amount of evapotranspiration rate. The lower value will reduce the evapotranspiration at a lower rate.

soilMaxInfSummer, soilMaxInfWinter, and soilMaxInfSnow influence the maximum infiltration rate into the saturated (soil water) and unsaturated (groundwater) zone. The lower value of these parameters allow only a part of rainfall and snowmelt to enter into the unsaturated zone (The value 20 means that only 20 mm rainfall and snowmelt is allowed to go through the soil water module per time step). In such cases, overland flow would be higher as the most of the input drains as surface runoff. It is considered that the soilMaxInfSummer is slightly lower than winter because the soil is more saturated during the rainy-summer period. The soilMaxInfSnow is considered lowest among the three because of the frozen soil condition in the snow-occurring environment.

The parameter soilImpGT80 is activated if the land cover impermeability is high as defined in the permeability of the land cover (sealedgrade) (such as urbanized areas) in the land-cover parameter file. The values in the sealedgrade act as a threshold for activation of the parameters soilImpGT80 or soilImpLT80. The lower value of these parameters indicates that the lower amount of inflow will be able to infiltrate and rest flow as overland flow.

soilDistMPSLPS and soilDiffMPSLPS are mainly responsible for distribution and diffusion of water between the MPS and LPS. They are less sensitive parameters and have minor role in interflow. The lower value of these parameters will allocate slightly less inflow to the MPS.

soilOutLPS influences the Interflow 2 (RD2) component. The lower value will allocate more water to be outflowed from LPS and thereby increasing the RD2 component.

soilLatVertLPS is one of the very sensitive parameters in the soil water module. It distributes the inflow (after the infiltration) between vertical (interflow 1) and percolation. The higher value will allocate higher amount of inflow to the Interflow 2 (and less inflow to be percolated to the groundwater). The higher value will increase in Interflow 2 component and at the same time, the groundwater contribution (RG1 and RG2) will be reduced.

soilMaxPerc controls the percolation rate to the groundwater per time step. The higher (eg. 20) value indicates that maximum 20 mm equivalent water is allowed to go to the groundwater. The higher value will increase the groundwater contribution (RG1 and RG2) and at the same time decrease RD2 component at a higher magnitude. This also decrease the RD1 but to a lesser extent.

soilConcRD1 and soilConcRD2 are recession coefficient for overland flow (RD1) and Interflow 1 (RD2) and are one of the sensitive parameters in the module. The value represents the retention time (per time step) for overland flow. The higher value indicates that the retention period is high and therefore, less water is flowed as overland flow. Principally, the retention period for RD1 should be less than the RD2.

soilConcRD1Flood parameter is implemented in the standard J2000 hydrological model to replicate the runoff behavior especially during the high flood period in the monsoon dominated Himalayan region. This parameter is only activated when the input for overland flow crosses the parameter soilConcRD1FloodThreshold defined by users. In principal, the value of soilConcRD1Flood should be less than soilConcRD1 as the retention time of the overland flow is less during the high flood time.

The detailed description of the soil water module along with the algorithm as defined in the model source code is provided in Soil Water Module.

Groundwater module

Calibration parameters

Parameters (units)	Description	Global range	For the Dudh Kosi model
gwRG1RG2dist	RG1-RG2 distribution coefficient	0 to 10	2.1
gwRG1Fact	adaptation for RG1 flow	0 to 10	0.3
gwRG2Fact	adaptation for RG2 flow	0 to 10	0.5
gwCapRise	capillary rise coefficient	0 to 10	0.01

The calibration parameters of the groundwater module in the JAMS builder is provided in the figure below:

The groundwater module receives input from unsaturated soil zone (soil water module) in a two storage compartment of a ground water zone i.e. upper groundwater zone (RG1) and lower grounwater zone (RG2). The input is then between these two zones in which the distribution of input is carried out by the calibration parameter gwRG1RG2dist. The water discharge from the upper and lower storage areas (RG1 and RG2) is carried out according to the current storage amount in the form of a linear function, using the storage retention co-efficient for two storages gwRG1Fact and gwRG2Fact. There is also a possibility that the water from groundwater is transfered soil water zone through capillary rise with the parameter gwCapRise.

Relevancy in modelling

gwRG1RG2dist distributes input water to RG1 and RG2. The higher value of this parameter increase the proportion of input water to the RG2 zone.

gwRG1Fact and gwRG2Fact influences the outflow from RG1 and RG2 storage. The parameter values represent the retention time in those stroage. The higher value will lead to less outflow and more water remains in the storage.

gwCapRise influece the distribution of water between soil water and ground water module. The higher value will flow a higher amount of water from groundwater to soil water zone.

The detailed description of the groundwater module along with the algorithm as defined in the model source code is provided in Groundwater Module.

Routing module

Calibration parameters

Parameters	Description	Global range	For the Dudh Kosi model
flowRouteTA	calibration parameter for adapting velocity of flow waves	0 to 10	1.3

The calibration parameters of the reach routing module in the JAMS builder is provided in the figure below:

The J2000 hydrological model has two routing components. The lateral routing serves to simulate lateral flow processes in the catchment area from one model entity (HRU) to the next until the water is finally reaches to a reach. The reach routing describes flow processes in a stream channel by using the commonly applied kinematic wave approach and the calculation of velocity according to Manning and Strickler (Krause, 2001).

Relevancy in modelling

flowRouteTA influences the run time of runoff waves in the stream channel. The higher value increases the velocity of runoff waves and more water flows from the channel.

The detailed description of the routing module along with the algorithm as defined in the model source code is provided in Routing module.

Model calibration

In order to apply hydrological models successfully it is necessary to define model parameters accurately. A direct measurement of the parameters is mostly not possible, too expensive or there is no clear physical relation. For those reasons the parameters are adjusted in a trial and error process in so far that the simulated factors (e.g. runoff) correspond best to the values measured. This task can be time-consuming and difficult if the corresponding model is complex or has a large number of parameters.

The J2000 model provides platform for offline and online calibration process. The offline calibration is carried within the JAMS framework, whereas in the online calibration, the model files and necessary parameters are defined in the web based calibration tools called 'OPTAS'. Then, the calibration is carried out in the server of the University and results can be downloaded. The latter is efficient and less time consuming as the calculation are carried out in server without making the local computers busy.

The detailed information about the model calirbation are provided in Model calibration

Important Note:The model parameters, the specific values including the parameter ranges of the Dudh Kosi model are explained earlier in each modules. These parameter values were defined by combination of 'trail-and-error' and using automatic or numerical parameter optimization methods. Moreover, the sensitivity and uncertainty analyses were also carried out in the Dudh Kosi river basin. The description of these methods and process are described in Nepal (2012).

Setting up a new model

To set up the J2000 hydrological model for a new catchment requires two important steps. First, prepare the model parameter files and input data as explained in the previous sections. Second, set up a new model xml file which controls the input and output variables based on the input data. The model xml file could be different in different model applications, as driven by input data and different modules used to calculate hydrological processes. (for example: the data requirement for estimating potential evapotranspiration using the Hargreave-Salami method is different than the Penmann-Monteith approach, and therefore, the model xml set up is also different.

It is recommended to use the existing model xml files as a basis to set up a new model which has been provided in the earlier sections. If the catchment has glaciers, users can use the model xml of the Dudh Kosi river basin. Other than glaciers, users can use the model xml file of the Gelberg catchment which is provided while downloading JAMS software as a test dataset. These model xml files can be further changed based on the data requirements and preferences of the users.

In addition, users need to take into account few specific characteristics of the new catchment in the model xml file.

1. The geographical coordinates of the study area in UTM has to be defined in 'CalcLatLong' component to estimate 'slope aspect correction factor' as shown in figure below.

2. The geographical coordinates of the study area has to be defined in 'Calculate extra terrestrial radiation(ExtRad)' component based on the latitude and longitude. This can be done by editing the information in JAMS builder as shown in the figure below:

Alternatively, the information can be changed directly from JAMS laucher.

Please do not forget to save the new information.

3. The J2000 modelling sytem is quite flexible in terms of using different components based on the data availability. In the test dataset provided in this tutorial, for temperature regionalization, the data from one station is used and regionalized by summer and winter using lapse rates. But, if users have more than 3 stations data, they can use Inverse Distance Weightings (IDW) also. For this, users need to replace the the Lapse rate module by the IDW regionalization module. Both these modules are provided in two different xmls above.

Similarly, to estimate evapotranspiration using Penmann Monteith, users need many data such as: relative humidity, wind and sunshine hour. These data might not be available in many areas. In such cases, alternative module for evapotranspiration named 'Hargreaves' can be used in the model.

Users need to be careful that while changing modules in the standard xml files provided here (Dudh Kosi and Gelberg), the requirements of the data also change. Because of this, some modules might not be required in the new model set up. For example, if Hargreves-salami method is used, the data reader component and regionalization component for relative humidity, wind and sunshine hour is not required. In such cases, these modules need to be deactivated.

4. The location of workspace directory and some data file has to be defined after launching the model xml file as shown in the figure below.

The model xml file is opend using JAMS builder or JAMS launcher [File-->Load Model].

Workspace directory: The location of workspace directory in the local machine.

Time Interval: The time period in which the model is run.

Parameter file: The location of HRU and Reach parameter file.

Efficiency: Users can give the different time period for efficiency estimation.

Important Note: The J2000 model was successfully appllied in the Dudh Kosi river basin as a part of a PhD research. The calibrated and validated J2000 hydrological model was further used to assess the impact of land-use change on hydrological regime. Two hypothetical land-use change scenarios were implemented and the land-use information of the HRU parameter file was changed accordingly to quantity the impact of land-use change on different hydrological processes. Moreover, the impact of climate change on hydrological regime was also analysed by using the regional climate model data in the Dudh Kosi river basin. The description of these analyses are provided in Nepal (2012).

Discussion Forum

It is likely that while using the model and tutorial, users might encoutner probelms and error messages. In such cases, users are advised to contact the ILMS discussion forum from where the model users and developer communities can be reached.

Integrated Land Management System (ILMS) Discussion Forum:

http://ilms.uni-jena.de/ilms/board/index.php?sid=f545b1932d03a6781393eea0fed040e3

The ILMS discussion forum is designed to discuss the various components of ILMS software. For the ILMS Model, the following forum is allocated:

http://ilms.uni-jena.de/ilms/board/viewforum.php?f=6

Users need to register in the ILMS forum Register here to post a new querry and also to follow the postings.

Bibliography and Further Reading

Acharya, K. P., Dangi, R. B., 2009. Case studies on measuring and assessing forest degradation, Forest degradation in Nepal, review of data and methods, Forest Resources Assessment Working Paper 163. Tech. rep., FAO, Italy.

Adhikaree, K., 2010. Socio-technical assessment of payment for environmental services (PES) scheme: A case study of Kulekhani watershed, Nepal. Master’s thesis, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institue of Techonology (AIT), Thailand.

Ageta, Y., 1976. Characteristics of precipitation during monsoon season in Khumbu Himal. Seppyo, 38 (Special Issue), 84–88.

Akhtar, M., Ahmad, N., Booij, M. J., 2008. The impact of climate change on the water resources of Hindukush-Karakorum-Himalaya region under different glacier coverage scenarios. Journal of Hydrology 355 (1-4), 148–163.

Akhtar, M., Ahmad, N., Booij, M. J., 2009. Use of reginal climate model simulations as input for hydrological models for the Hindukush-Karakorum-Himalaya region. Hydrological Earth System Sciences 13, 1075–1089.

Alcamo, J., 1994. Integrated modeling of global climate change. Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht, Boston.

Alford, D., 1992. Hydrological aspects of the Himalaya region. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Kathmandu Nepal.

Alford, D., Armstrong, R., 2010. The role of glaciers in stream ﬂow from the Nepal Himalaya. The Cryosphere Discussions 4 (2), 469–494.

Allamano, P., Claps, P., 2010. Precipitation measurement errors at high-elevation sites in the Italian Alps. EGU General Assembly 2010, held 2-7 May, 2010 in Vienna, Austria, p. 11287, p. 11287.

Allen, R. G., Pereira, L., Raes, D., Smith, M., 1998. Crop evapotranspiration: Guidelines for computing crop water requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56, FAO, Rome.

Anderson, M. G., Burt, T. P., 1985. Modelling strategies. In: Anderson, M. G. and Burt, T. P. (Eds.) Hydrological Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.

Andreaassian, V., 2004. Waters and forests: from historical controversy to scientiﬁc debate. Journal of Hydrology 291, 1–27.

Armstrong, R. L., 2011. The glaciers of the Hindu Kush Himalaya region, a summary of the science regarding glacier melt/retreat in the Himalayan, Hindu Kush, Karakoram, Pamir, and Tien Shan mountain ranges. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD). Kathmandu, Nepal.

Arnell, N. W., 1999a. Climate change and global water resources. Global Environmental Change 9, S31–S49.

Arnell, N. W., 1999b. The effect of climate change on hydrological regimes in Europe: a continental perspective. Global Environmental Change 9, 5–23.

Arnold, J. G., Allen, P. M., Bernhardt, G., 1993. A comprehensive Surface-groundwater Flow Model. Journal of hydrology 142, 47–69.

Awasthi, K. D., Sitaula, B. K., Singh, B. R., Bajacharaya, R. M., 2002. Land-use change in two Nepalese watersheds: GIS and geomorphometric analysis. Land Degradation & Development 13 (6), 495–513.

Aziz, O. I. A., Burn, D. H., 2006. Trends and variability in the hydrological regime of the Mackenzie River Basin. Journal of Hydrology 319 (1-4), 282–294.

Baese, F., 2005. Beurteilung der Parametersensitivität und der Vorhersageunsicherheit am Beispiel des hydrologischen Modells J2000. Master’s thesis, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena.

Bajracharya, S. R., Mool, P., 2009. Glaciers, glacial lakes and glacial lake outburst ﬂoods in the Mount Everest region. Annals of Glaciology 50 (53), 81–86.

Bajracharya, S. R., Mool, P., Shrestha, B., 2007. Impact of Climate Change on Himalayan Glaciers and Glacial Lakes: Case Studies on GLOF and Associated Hazards in Nepal and Bhutan. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Kathmandu.

Bandara, C., Kuruppuarachchi, T., 1988. Land-use change and hydrological trends in the upper Mahaweli basin. In: Workshop on Hydrology of Natural and Man-made forests in the Hill-Country of Sri Lanka.

Bandyopadhyay, J., Gyawali, D., 1994. Himalayan Water Resources: Ecological and Political Aspects of Management. Mountain Research and Development 14 (1), 1–24.

Barnett, T. P., Adam, J. C., Lettenmaier, D. P., 2005. Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions. Nature 438, 303–309.

Barros, A. P., Lettenmaier, D. P., 1994. Dynamic modeling of orographically induced precipitation. Reviews of Geophysics 32, 265–284.

Bates, B. C., Kundzewicz, Z. W., Wu, S., Palutikof, J. P. E., 2008. Climate Change and Water. Technical Paper of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Tech. rep., IPCC Secretariat, Geneva, 210 pp.

Baumgartner, A., Liebscher, H. J., 1990. Allgemeine Hydrologie -Quantitative Hydrologie. Lehrbuch der Hydrologie, Band 1. Gebrüder Bornträger Verlag. Stuttgart.

Bende-Michl, U., Krause, P., Kralisch, S., Fink, M., Flügel, W.-A., 2006. Current development and application of the modular Java based model JAMS to meet the targets of the EU-WFD in Germany. In: Voinov, A. and Jakeman, A. and Rizzoli, A. (Eds). Proceedings of the iEMSs Third Biennial Meeting: ’Summit on Environmental Modelling and Software’. International Environmental Modelling and Software Society, Burlington, USA, 2006.

Bergstroem, S., 1976. Development and Application of a conceptual runoff model fro Scandinavian catchment. Report Rho 7. Tech. rep., Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Norrkoping, Sweden.

Bergstroem, S., Carlsson, B., Gardelin, M., Lindstrom, G., Pettersson, A., Rummukainen, M., 2001. Climate change impacts on runoff in Sweden -assessments by global climate models, dynamical downscaling and hydrological modeling. Climate Research 16 (2), 101–112.

Bertle, F. A., 1966. Effects of Snow compaction on runoff from rain and snow. Bureau of Reclamation, Engineering Monograph No. 35, Washington.

Beven, K., 2001a. Rainfall-Runoff Modelling: The Primer. John Wiley & Sons, Chicester.

Beven, K., Binley, A. M., 1992. The future of distributed models: model calibration and uncertainty prediction. Hydrological Processes 6, 279– 298.

Beven, K., Freer, J., 2001. Equiﬁnality, data assimilation, and data uncertainty estimation in mechanistic modelling of complex environmental systems using the GLUE methodology. Journal of Hydrology 249, 11–29.

Beven, K. J., 2001b. How far can we go in distributed hydrological modelling? Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 5(1), 1–12.

Bhattarai, D., 2009. Multi-purpose projects. In Pun, S. B. and Dhungel, D. N. (Eds). The Nepal-India water relationship: challenges. Springer, Netherland.

Bicheron, P., Defourny, P., Brockmann, C., Schouten, L., Vancutsem, C., Huc, M., Bontemps, S., Leroy, M., Achard, F., Herold, M., Ranera, F., Arino, O., 2008. GLOBCOVER: Products Description and Validation. Tech. rep., European Space Agency (ESA).

Bicknell, B. R., Imhoff, J. C., Donigian, A. S., Johanson, R. C., 1997. Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF), User’s Manual For Release 11. EPA-600/R-97/080. Tech. rep., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA.

Biswas, A. K., 1992. The Aswan High Dam revisited. Ecodecision, 67–69.

Blaikie, P. M., Muldavin, J. S. S., 2004. Upstream, Downstream, China, India: The Politics of Environment in the Himalayan Region. Annals of the Association of American Geographer 94 (3), 520–548.

Bongartz, K., 2003. Applying different spatial distribution and modelling concept in three nested mesoscale catchments of Germany. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 28, 1343–1349.

Bosch, J. M., Hewlett, J. D., 1982. A review of catchment experiments to determine the effect of vegetation changes on water yield and evapotranspiration. Journal of Hydrology 55, 3–23.

Braun, L. N., July 1986. Simulation of snowmelt runoff in lowland and lower Alpine regions of Switzerland. In: Modelling Snowmlet-Induced processes. Proceedings of the Budapest Symposium. pp. 125–140.

Bronstert, A., Niehoff, D., Bürger, G., 2002. Effects of climate and land-use change on storm runoff generation: present knowledge and modelling capabilities. Hydrological Processes 16, 509–529.

Brooks, K. N., Folliott, P. F., Gregersen, H. M., Thames, J. L., 1991. Hydrology and the management of watersheds. Iowa State University Press, Iowa.

Bruijnzeel, L. A., 1990. Hydrology of moist tropical forests and effects of conversion: A state-ofknowledge review. UNESCO International Hydrological Programme., Paris.

Bruijnzeel, L. A., 2004. Hydrological functions of tropical forests: not seeing the soil for the trees? Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 104, 185–228.

Bruijnzeel, L. A., Bremmer, C. N., 1989. Highland Lowland Interaction in the Ganges Brahmaputra River Basin -A Review of Published Literature. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, (ICIMOD), Kathmandu.

Butle, E., Lipper, L., Stringer, R., Zilberman, D., 2008. Payments for ecosystem services and poverty reduction: concepts, issues, and empirical perspectives. Economic and Development Economics 13, 245–254.

Calder, I., Hall, R., Bastable, H., Gunston, H., Shela, O., Chirwa, A., Kafundu, R., 1995. The impact of land use change on water resources in sub-Saharan Africa: a modelling study of Lake Malawi. Journal of Hydrology 170 (1-4), 123–135.

Carson, B., 1985. Erosion and Sedimentation Processes in the Nepalese Himalaya. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Occasional Paper No. 1., Kathmandu.

CBS, 2001. National Population Census 2001 -Nepal, Tenth Census. Central Bureau of Statistics, Government of Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Chang, H., 2004. Water Quality Impacts of Climate Change and Land-Use Changes in Southeastern Pennsylvania. The Professional Geographer 56, 240–257.

Chang, H., Franczyk, J., 2008. Climate Change, Land-Use Change, and Floods: Toward an Integrated Assessment. Geography Compass 2 (5), 1549–1579.

Chapra, S. C., Pelletier, G. J., 2003. Qual2k: A modeling framework for simulating river and stream water quality (beta version): Documentation and users manual. Tech. rep., Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., Tufts University.

Chen, H., Shao, M., Wang, K., 2005. Water cycling characteristics of grassland and bare land soils on Loess Plateau. Chinese. Journal of applied ecology 16(10), 1853–1857.

Chen, J., Y, Z., Zhu, Y., Yang, C., 2011. Relationship between land use and evapotranspiration-A case study of the Wudaogou Area in Huaihe River basin. Procedia Environmental Sciences 10, 491–498.

Chiew, F. H. S., McMahon, T. A., 2002. Modelling the impacts of climate change on Australian streamﬂow. Hydrological processes 16, 1235–1245.

Chiew, F. H. S., Whetton, P. H., McMahon, T. A., Pittock, A. B., 1995. Simulation of the impacts of climate change on runoff and soil moisture in Australian Catchments. Journal of Hydrology 167, 121–147.

Christensen, N. S., Wood, A. W., Lettenmaier, D. P., Palmer, R. N., 2004. Effects of Climate Change on the Hydrology and Water Resources of the Colorado River Basin. Climate Change 62, 337–363.

Costa, M. H., Botta, A., Cardile, J. A., 2003. Effects of large-scale changes in land cover on the discharge of the Tocantins River, Southeasterne Amazonia. Journal of Hydrology 283, 206–217.

Crosetto, M., Tarantola, S., 2001. Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis: tools for GIS-based model implementation. International Journal of Geographica l Information Science 15 (5), 415–437.

Cruz, R. V., Harasawa, H., Lal, M., Wu, S., Anokhin, Y., Punsalmaa, B., Honda, Y., Jafari, M., Li, C., N., H., 2007. Asia. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds. Cambridge University Press, , Cambridge, UK.

Cunderlik, J. M., Simonovic, S. P., 2003. Assessment of water resources risk and vulnerability to changing climatic conditions: Hydrologic model selection for the cfcas project. Report No. I. Tech. rep., The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.

Dahal, R. K., 2006. Geology for Technical Students. Bhrikuti Academic Publications, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Dahal, R. K., Hasegawa, S., 2008. Representative rainfall thresholds for landslides in the Nepal Himalaya. Geomorphology 100 (3-4), 429–443.

Daniel, E. B., Camp, J. V., LeBoeuf, E. J., Penrod, J. R., Dobbins, J. P., Abkowitz, M. D., 2011. Watershed Modeling and its Applications: A State-of-the-Art Review. Open Hydrology Journal 5, 26–50.

DeCoursey, D. G., Shaake, J. J. C., Seely, E. H., 1982. Stochastic models in hydrology. In: Haan,

C. T. Johnson, H. P. and Brakensiek, D. L. Hydrologic modeling of small watersheds. American Society of Agricultural Engineers: St Joseph, Michigan, pp. 19–78.

Defourny, P., Vancutsem, C., Bicheron, C., Brockmann, C., Nino, F., Schouten, L., Leroy, M., 2006. GLOBCOVER : A 300 M Global Land Cover Product For 2005 Using ENVISAT MERIS Time Series. ISPRS Commission VII Mid-term Symposium "Remote Sensing: From Pixels to Processes", Enschede, the Netherlands, 8-11 May 2006.

DeFries, R., Eshleman, K. N., 2004. Land-use change and hydrologic processes: a major focus for the future. Hydrological Processes 18 (11), 2183–2186.

DFRS, 1999. Forest Resources of Nepal (1978-1998), Publication No. 74. Tech. rep., Department of Forest Research and Survey, Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, Government of Nepal,.

Dhar, O. . N., Rakhecha, P. R., 1981. The effect of elevation on monsoon rainfall distribution in the Central Himalayas. In: International Symposium on Monsoon Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, pp. 253-260.

Dhungel, D. N., 2009. Historical Eye view. In Pun, S. B. and Dhungel, D. N. (Eds) The Nepal-India water relationship: challenges. Springer, Netherland.

Dickinson, R. E., 1984. Modelling evapotranspiration for three-dimensional global climate models. In: Climate Processes and Climate Sensitivity Geophysical Monograph, Hansen, J. E. Takahasi, T. (Eds.), Series 29, Washington.

Dixit, A., 2009. Kosi Embankment Breach in Nepal: Need for a paradigm shift in responding to ﬂoods. Economic & Political weekly 44 (6), 70–78.

Douglass, J. E., Swank, W. T., 1975. Effects of management practices on water quality and quantity: Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, North Carolina. In: Municipal Watershed Management Symposium, USDA Forest Service Technical Repport. NE-13, Upper Darby, pp. 1-13, Upper Darby PA, USA.

Dyck, S., Peschke, G., 1995. Grundlagen der Hydrologie. Verlag für Bauwesen. Berlin.

Dyurgerov, M. B., Meier, M. F., 2000. Twentieth century climate change: evidence from small glaciers. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Vol. 97 (4). pp. pp 1406–1411.

Dyurgerov, M. D., Meier, M. F., 2005. Glaciers and Changing Earth System: A 2004 Snapshot, Boulder (Colorado). Tech. rep., Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado.

Eckholm, E., 1976. Losing Ground: Environmental Stress and World Food Prospects. W.W. Norton & Co., New York.

Efstratiadis, A., Nalbantis, I., Koukouvinos, A., Rozos, E., Koutsoyiannis, D., 2007. HYDROGEIOS: A semi distributed GIS-based hydrological model for disturbed river basins. Hydrol Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss 4, 1947–1998.

Eriksson, M., Jianchu, X., Shrestha, A. B., Vaidya, R. A., Nepal, S., Sandström, K., 2009. The Changing Himalayas Impact of climate change on water resources and livelihoods in the greater Himalaya. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD). Kathmandu.

Eschner, A. R., Satterlund, D. R., 1966. Forest protection and streamﬂow from an Adirondack watershed. Water Resources Research 24, 765–783.

Falkenmark, M., Lundqvist, J., 1999. Towards upstream/downstream hydrosolidarity. In: Towards upstream/downstream hydrosolidarity. Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI).

FAO, 1995. Global and Natiional Soils and Terrain Digital Databases (SOTER). Tech. rep., Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

FAO, 2006. World reference base for soil resources 2006. A framework for international classiﬁcation, correlation and communication. Tech. rep., Food and Agriculture organization of the United Nations, Rome.

FAO, CIFOR, 2005. Forests and Floods: Drowning in Fiction or Thriving in Facts? UN Food and Agriculture Organization and Center for International Forestry Research, Bangkok, Thailand.

Fink, M., Krause, P., Kralisch, S., Bende-Michl, U., , Flügel, W.-A., 2007. Development and Application of the Modelling System J2000-S for the EU-Water Framework directive. Advances in Geosciences 11, 123–130.

Fischer, C., Kralisch, S., Flügel, W.-A., 2012. An integrated, fast and easily useable software toolbox which allows comparative and complementary application of various parameter sensitivity analysis methods. In: Managing Resources of a Limited Planet, Sixth Biennial Meeting, Leipzig, Germany

R. Seppelt, A. A. Voinov, S. Lange, D. Bankamp (Eds.). International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software, 2012.

Fish, I. L., Lawrence, P., Atkinson, E., 1986. Sedimentation in the Chatara Canal, Nepal. Tech. rep., Hydraulics Research Wallingford.

FISRG, 1998. Stream corridor restoration: principles, processes, and practices. Vol. 2. Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group (FISRG).

Flügel, W.-A., 1995. Delineating Hydrological Units (HRU’s) by GIS analysis for regional hydrological modelling using PRMS/MMS in the drainage basin of the River Broel, Germany. Hydrological Processes 9, 423–436.

Flügel, W.-A., 2007. The Adaptive Integrated Data Information System (AIDIS) for Global Water Research. Water Resources Management 21(1), 199–210.

Flügel, W.-A., 2009. Applied Geoinformatics for sustainable IWRM and climate change impact analysis. Technology, Resource Management and Development 6, 57–85.

Flügel, W.-A., 2011. Development of adaptive IWRM options for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Advances in Science and Research 7, 91–100.

Flügel, W.-A., Müchen, B., Hochschild, V., Steinocher, K., 2001. ARSGISIP, A European Project on the application of remote sensing techniques for the parameterization of Hydrological, Erosion and Solute Transport Models. IAHS-Publication, Remote Sensing and Hydrology 267, 563–568.

Fox, A. M., 2003. A distributed, physically based snow melt and runoff model for alpine glaciers. Ph.D. thesis, St Catherine’s College, Cambridge University.

Fujji, Y., Higuchu, K., 1977. Statistical analysis of the forms of glaciers in Khumbu region. Journal of Japanese Society of Snow Ice (Seppyo) 39, 7–14.

Gardner, R., Gerrard, A. J., 2003. Runoff and soil erosion on cultivated rainfed terraces in the Middle Hills of Nepal. Applied Geography 23 (1), 23–45.

Gautam, A. P., Webb, E. L., Shivakoti, G. P., Zoebisch, M. A., 2003. Land use dynamics and landscape change pattern in a mountain watershed in Nepal. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 99, 83–96.

Gemmer, M., Becker, S., Jiang, T., 2004. Observed monthly precipitation trends in China 1951-2002. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 77 (1-2), 39–45.

Gerrits, M., 2010. The role of interception in the hydrological cycle. Ph.D. thesis, Delft University of Technology, Netherland.

Gilmour, D. A., 1977. Effect of logging and clearing on water yield and water quality in a high rainfall zone of north-east Queensland. In: The Hydrology of Northern Australia. Institution of Engineers, Australia, National Conference Publ. No. 77/5: 156-160.

Gilmour, D. A., Bonell, M., Cassells, D. S., 1987. The effects of forestation on soil hydraulic properties in the Middle Hills of Nepal: a preliminary assessment. Mountain Research and Development 7, 239–249.

Gitay, H., Noble, I. R., Pilifosova, O., Alijani, B., Safriel, U. N., 1998. The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerabilityy. Watson R.T., Zinyowera M.C., Moss R.H. and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Working Group II (Eds.). Cambridge University Pressy, Cambridge, UK, Ch. Middle East and Arid Asia, pp. 233–250.

Gleick, P. H., 1989. Climate change and hydrology and water resources. Review of Geophysics 27, 329–344.

Gole, C. V., Chitale, S. V., 1966. Inland delta building activity of Kosi river. Journal of Hydraulic division, ASCE 91, 111–126.

Golf, W., 1981. Ermittlung der Wasserressource im Mittelgebirge. Wasserwirtschaft-Wassertechnik 31, 93–95.

Gordon, C., Cooper, C., Senior, C. A., Banks, H., Gregory, J. M., Johns, T. C., Mitchell, J., Wood,

R. A., 2000. The simulation of SST, sea ice extents and ocean heat transports in a version of the Hadley Centre coupled model without fux adjustments. Climate Dynamics 16, 147–168.

Gosain, A. K., Sandhya, R., Debajit, B., 2006. Climate change impact assessment on hydrology of Indian river basins Special Section: Climate Change and India. Current Science 90(3), 346–353.

Gupta, H., Beven, K. J. Wagener, T., 2005. Model Calibration and Uncertainty Estimation. In M. G. Anderson, Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, New York.

Gurtz, J., Baltensweiler, A., Lang, H., 1999. Spatially distributed hydrotope-based modelling of evapotranspiration and runoff in mountainous basins. Hydrological Processes 13, 2751–2768.

GWP, 2000. Integrated Water Resources Management, Technical Advisory Committee (TEC) 4. Global Water Partership (GWP).

GWP, IBNO, 2009. A Handbook for Intetrated Water Resources Management in Basins. Tech. rep., Global Water Partnership (GWP) and International Network of Basin Organizations (INBO), 104

p.

Gyawali, D., Dixit, A., 1999. Rethinking the Mosaic, Investigations into Local Water Management. Nepal Water Conservation Foundation, Kathmandu, Ch. Fractured Institutions and Physical Interdependence Challenges to Local Water Management in the Tinau River Basin, Nepal, pp. 371–33.

Hagemann, S., Chen, C., Haerter, J. O., 2011. Impact of a Statistical Bias Correction on the Projected Hydrological Changes Obtained from Three GCMs and Two Hydrology Models. Journal of Hydrometeorology 12, 556–578.

Hamed, K. H., 2008. Trend detection in hydrologic data: The Mann-Kendall trend test under the scaling hypothesis. Journal of Hydrology 349 (3-4), 350–363.

Hamilton, L. S., King, P. N., 1983. Tropical forested watersheds: hydrologic and soils response to major uses or conversions. Westview Press, Colorado.

Hamilton, L. S., Pearce, A. J., 1987. What are the Soil and Water Beneﬁts of Planting Trees in Developing Country Watershed? In: Sotygate, D.D. ad Sisinger, J. (Ed.), Sustainable Development of Natural Resources in the Third World.). Westview Press, Boulder CO, USA, pp. pp. 39–58.

Hamlet, A. F., Lettenmaier, D. P., 1999. Effects of climate change on hydrology and water resources in the Columbia River Basin. Journal of the American water resources association 35 (6), 1597–1623.

Hauer, F. R., Baron, J. S., Campbell, D. H., Fausch, K. D., Hostetler, S. W., Leavesley, G. H., Leavitt, R. R., McKnight, D. M., Stanford, J. A., 1997. Assessment of climate change and freshwater ecosystems of the Rocky Mountains, US and Canada. Hydrological Processes 11, 903–924.

Hay, L. E., Clark, M. P., Wilby, R. L., Gutowski, W. J., Leavesley, G. H., Pan, Z., Arritt, R. W., Takle, E. S., 2002. Use of regional climate model output for hydrological simulations. Journal of Hydrometeorology 3, 571–590.

Helmschrot, J., 2006. An integrated, landscape-based approach to model the formation and hydrological functioning of wetlands in headwater catchments of the Umzimvubu River, South Africa. Ph.D. thesis, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena.

Helsel, D. R., Hirsch, R. M., 1992. Statistical Methods in Water Resources. Elsevier, New York.

Helsel, D. R., Hirsch, R. M., 2002. Statistical methods in water resources. Tech. rep., U. S. Geological Survey.

Herrmann, A., 1976. Einﬂuss des Alpensüdföhns auf die Schneedeckenentwicklung und das nival gesteuerte Abﬂussgeschehen. Polarforschung 46(2), 83–94.

Herron, N., R., D., R., J., 2002. The effects of large-scale afforestation and climate change on water allocation in the Macquarie River catchment, NSW, Australia. Journal of Environmental Management 65 (4), 369–382.

Hewitt, K., 2005. The Karakoram anomaly? Glacier expansion and the ’elevation effects’ Karakoram Himalaya. Mountain Research and Development 25(4), 332–340.

Hibbert, A. R., 1967. Forest treatment effects on water yield. Pergamon, Oxford.

Higuchi, K., Ageta, Y., Yasunari, T., Inoue, J., 1982. Characteristics of precipitation during the monsoon season in high-mountain areas of the Nepal Himalaya, Hydrological aspects of Alpine and High mountain Areas. In: Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium. IAHS Publication.

HMG, 2000. State of the Environment Nepal. Tech. rep., Ministry of Population and Environment, His Majesty’s Government, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Hock, R., 1999. A distributed temperature index ice and snowmelt model including potential direct solar radiation. Journal of Glaciology 45 (149), 101–112.

Hock, R., 2003. Temperature index melt modelling in mountain areas. Journal of Hydrology 282 (1-4), 104–115.

Hock, R., 2005. Glacier melt: a review of processes and their modelling. Progress in Physical Geography 29(3), 362–391.

Hock, R., Jansson, P., Braun, L. N., 2005. Global Change and Mountain Regions (A State of Knowledge Overview),. Springer, Dordrecht, Ch. Modelling the Response of Mountain Glacier Discharge to Climate Warming, pp. 243–252.

Hornberger, G. M., Spear, R. C., 1981. An approach to the preliminary analysis of environmental systems. Journal of Environmental Management 12, 7–18.

Immerzeel, W. M., Beek, L. P. H., Bierkens, M. F. P., 2010. Climate Change Will Affect the Asian Water Towers. Journal of Hydrology 328 (5984), 1382–1385.

Immerzeel, W. M., Beek, L. P. H., Konz, M., Shrestha, A. B., Bierkens, M. F. P., 2012. Hydrological response to climate change in a glacierized catchment in the Himalayas. Climate change 110, 721–

736.

Impat, P., 1981. Hydrometeorology and sediment data for Phewa Watershed: 1979 data. Phewa Tal Tech. Rep. No. 15. Integrated watershed management project, Dept. of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management, Ministry of Forests, Kathmandu.

IPCC, 1996. Climate Change 1995. The Science of Climate Change Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

IPCC, 2000. IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenario: Summary for policy makers. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

IPCC, 2007. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 976pp.

ISRC, 2008. Village Development Committee Proﬁle of Nepal. Intensive Study and Research Centre, Kathmandu.

Ives, J. D., 1989. Deforestation in the Himalayas the cause of increased Flooding in Bangladesh and Northern India? Land Use Policy 6, 187–193.

Ives, J. D., 2004. The Himalayan Perception: Environmental Change and well being of the mountain people. Routledge, London.

Ives, J. D., Misserli, B., 1989. The Himalayan Dilemma: Reconciling Development and Conservation. The United Nations University, Routledg, London.

Jansson, P., Hock, R., Schneider, T., 2003. The concept of glacier storage: a review. Journal of Hydrology 282, 116–129.

Jayatilaka, C. J., Storm, B., Mudgway, L. B., 1998. Simulation of ﬂow on irrigation bay scale with MIKE-SHE. Journal of Hydrology 208, 108–130.

Jodha, N. S., 1995. The Nepal middle mountains. In: Regions at Risk: Comparisons of Threatened Environments. United Nations University Press, Tokyo, Japan.

Jodha, N. S., 1997. Highland -Lowland Linkages. Issues in Mountain Development 97/8. ICIMOD.

Jodha, N. S., 2000. Poverty Alleviation and Sustainable Development in Mountain Areas: Role of Highland-Lowland Links in the Context of Rapid Globalisation. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD).

Jodha, N. S., 2002. Highland Lowland Linkages in the Globalised World. In: Jodha, N. S., Bhadra, B., Khanal, N. R., Richter, J. (Eds.), Poverty Alleviation in Mountain Areas of China Proceedings of the International Conference held from 11-15 November, 2002, in Chengdu, China.

Jones, G., Noguer, M., Hassell, D., Hudson, D., Wilson, S., Jenkins, G., Mitchell, J., 2004. Generating High Resolution Climate Change Scenarios Using PRECIS. Tech. rep., Met Ofﬁce Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK, 40pp.

Karssenberg, D., Burrough, P., 2002. The PCRaster Software and Course Materials for Teaching Numerical Modelling in the Environmental Sciences. Transactions in GIS 5 (2), 99–110.

Kasperson, J. X., Kasperson, R. E., Turner, B. L. I. e., 1995. Regions at Risk: Comparisons of Threatened Environments. United Nations University Press, Tokyo.

Kattelmann, R., 1987. Uncertainty in assessing Himalayan water resources. Mountain Research and Development 7 (3), 279–286.

Kattelmann, R., 1990. Hydrology and development of the Arun River, Nepal, Hydrology in Mountainous Regions. I -Hydrological Measurements; the Water Cycle. In: Proceedings of two Lausanne Symposia, August 1990. IAHS Publ. no. 193.

Kattelmann, R., 2003. Glacial lake outburst ﬂoods in the Nepal Himalaya: a manageable hazard? Natural Hazards 28, 145–154.

Kawashima, D. M., Yonemura, S., Yamada, T., Zhang, X., Liu, J., Li, Y., Gu, S., Tang, Y., 2007. Temperature distribution in the high mountain regions on the Tibetan Plateau -Measurement and simulation. In: MODSIM 2007 Land, Water and Environmental Management: Integrated Systems for Sustainability. pp. 2146–2152.

Kay, A., Jones, R. G., Reynard, N. S., 2006. RCM rainfall for UK ﬂood frequency estimation, I. Method and validation. Journal of Hydrology 318, 151–162.

Kayastha, R. B., Takeuchi, Y., Nakawo, M., Ageta, Y., 2000. Practical prediction of ice melting beneath various thickness of debris cover on Khumbu Glacier, Nepal, using a positive degree-day factor. IAHS Publication 264, 71–82.

Kendall, M. G., 1975. Rank Correlation Methods. Charles Grifﬁn.

Kiersch, B., 2000. Land use impacts on water resources: a literature review, Discussion paper 1, FAO land and water bulletin 9. In: Proceedings of the electronic workshop ’Land-water linkages in rural watersheds’. FAO Land and Water Development Division 18 September-27 October 2000.

Klemes, V., 1986. Operational testing of hydrological simulation models. Hydrological Sciences Journal 31, 13–24.

Knauf, D., 1980. Die Berechnung des Abﬂüsses aus einer Schneedecke. Analyse und Berechnung oberirdischer Abﬂusse DVWK-Schriften, Bonn, Heft 46.

Kochanowski, A., 2009. Reliefbestimmte Analyse der Niederschlagsdynamik im Monsungebiet von Nepal, Himalaya. Master’s thesis, Institutue of Geography, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany.

Konz, M., Devkota, L., 2009. Manual on Snow and Glacier Melt Runoff Modelling in the Himalayas. Tech. rep., ICIMOD, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Kosoy, N., Tuna, M. M., Muradian, R., Alier, J. M., 2007. Payments for environmental services in watersheds: Insights from a comparative study of three cases in Central America. Ecological economics 61(2–3), 446–455.

Kozak, J. A., Ahuja, L. R., Gree, T. R., Ma, L., 2007. Modelling crop canopy and residue rainfall interception effects on soil hydrological components for semi-arid agriculture. Hydrological Processes 21, 229–241.

Kralisch, S., Krause, P., 2006. JAMS A Framework for Natural Resource Model Development and Application. In: Proceedings of the International Environmental Software Society (IEMSS), Vermont, USA.

Kralisch, S., Krause, P., Fink, M., Fischer, C., Flügel, W.-A., 2007. Component based environmental modelling using the JAMS framework. In: MODSIM 2007 International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. pp. 812–818, peer reviewed.

Kralisch, S., Zander, F., Krause, P., 2009. Coupling the RBIS Environmental Information System and

the JAMS Modelling Framework. In: 18th World IMACS / MODSIM Congress, Cairns, Australia 13-17 July 2009.

Krause, P., 2001. Das hydrologische Modellsystem J2000: Beschreibung und Anwendung in groen Flueinzugsgebieten, Schriften des Forschungszentrum Jülich. Reihe Umwelt/Environment; Band

29.

Krause, P., 2002. Quantifying the Impact of Land Use Changes on the Water Balance of Large Catchments using the J2000 Model. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 27, 663–673.

Krause, P., 2010. Technical documentation of J2000 modelling system, Internal document. Tech. rep., Friedrich Schiller University Jena.

Krause, P., Bende-Michl, U., Bäse, F., Fink, M., Flügel, W.-A., Pfennig, B., 2006. Multiscale Investigations in a Mesoscale Catchment Hydrological Modelling in the Gera Catchment. Advances in Geosciences 9, 53–61.

Krause, P., Bende-Michl, U., Fink, M., Helmschrot, J., Kralisch, S., Kuenne, A., 2009. Parameter sensitivity analysis of the JAMS/J2000-S model to improve water and nutrient transport process simulation -a case study for the Duck catchment in Tasmania, 18th World IMACS / MODSIM Congress, Cairns, Australia 13-17 July 2009. pp. 1727–1732.

Krause, P., Biskop, S., Helmschrot, J., Flügel, W.-A., Kang, S., Gao, T., 2010. Hydrological system analysis and modelling of the Nam Co basin in Tibet. Advance Geoscience 27, 29–36.

Krause, P., Boyle, D. P., Bäse, F., 2005. Comparison of different efﬁciency criteria for hydrological model assessment. Advances in Geosciences 31, 89–97.

Krause, P., Hanisch, S., 2004. Prognostic simulation and analysis of the impact of climate change on the hydrological dynamics in Thuringia, Germany. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4 (6), 4037–4067.

Kripalani, R. H., Oh, J. H., Kulkarni, A., Sabade, S. S., Chaudhari, H. S., 2007. South Asian summer monsoon precipitation variability: Coupled climate model simulations and projections under IPCC AR4. Theoritical Applied Climatology 90, 113–159.

Krol, M., Jaeger, A., Bronstert, A., Güntner, A., 2006. Integrated modeling of climate, water, soil, agricultural and socio-economic processes: a general introduction of the methodology and some exemplary results from the semi-arid north-east of Brazil. Journal of Hydrology 328, 417–431.

Kuchment, L. S., Demidov, V. N., Motovolov, Y. G., 1983. Formirovanie rechnogo stok (ﬁzikomatematichestde modeli) (River runoff formation/physically based models) (in Russian). Nauka. Moscow.

Kumar, K. K., Patwardhan, S. K., Kulkarni, A., Kamala, K., Rao, K. K., Jones, R., 2011. Simulated projections for summer monsoon climate over India by a high-resolution regional climate model (PRECIS). Current Science 101 (3), 312–326.

Kumar, K. R., Sahai, A. K., Kumar, K. K. Patwardhan, S. K., Mishra, P. K., Revadekar, J. V., Kamala, K., Pant, G. B., 2006. High-resolution climate change scenarios for India for the 21st century. Current Science 90 (3), 334–345.

Kundewicz, Z. W., Robson, A. J., 2004. Change detection in hydrological records – a review of the methodology. Hydrological sciences 49(1), 1–19.

Kundzewicz, Z. W., Mata, L. J., Arnell, N. W., Döll, P., Kabat, P., Jiménez, B., Miller, K. A., Oki, T., Sen, Z., Shiklomanov, I. A., 2007. Freshwater resources and their management. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Lang, H., 2005. Hydrometeorologische Ergebnisse aus Abﬂussmessungen im Bereich des Hintereisferners (Ötztaler Alpen) in den Jahren 1957 bis 1959. Archiv für Meteorologie Series B, Band 14, 280–302.

Leavesley, G. H., Lichty, R. W., Troutman, B. M., Saindon, L. G., 1983. Precipitation-RunoffModeling-System, User’s Manual. Tech. rep., Water Resource Investigations Report 83–4238, US Geological Survey.

Legates, D. R., McCabe, G. J., 1999. Evaluating the use of "goodness-of-ﬁt" Measures in hydrologic and hydroclimatic model validation. Water Resources Research 35 (1), 233–241.

Legesse, D., Vallet-Coulomb, C., Gasse, F., 2003. Hydrological response of a catchment to climate and land use changes in tropical Africa: case study south central Ethiopia. Journal of Hydrology 275, 67–85.

Liu, D. P., Chen, S. X., Zhang, J. C., Xie, L., Jiang, J., 2007. Soil inﬁltration characteristics under main vegetation types in Anji County of Zhejiang Province. Chinese. Journal of applied ecology 18 (3), 493–498.

Liu, X., Chen, B., 2000. Climatic warming in the Tibetan Plateau during recent decades. International Journal of Climatology 20:, 1729–1742.

Loerup, J. K., Refsgaard, J. C, M. D., 1998. Assessing the effect of land use change on catchment runoff by combined use of statistical tests and hydrological modelling: case studies from Zimbabwe. Journal of Hydrology 205, 147–163.

Loucks, D. P., Van Beek, E., Stedinger, J. R., Dijkman, J. P. M., Villars, M. T., 2005. Water resources systems planning and management: an introduction to methods, models and applications. Paris: UNESCO.

Lundin, L., Lode, E., Stendahl, J., Melkerud, P., Bjoerkvald, L., Thorstensson, A., 2004. Soils and site types in the Forsmark area. Tech. rep., SLU, Department of Forest Soils.

Maniak, U., 1997. Hydrologie und Wasserwirtschaft. Springer Verlag. Berlin.

Mann, H. B., 1945. Non-parametric tests for against trend. Econometrica 12, 245–249.

Mattson, L. E., Gardner, J. S., Young, G. J., 1993. Ablation on debris covered glaciers: an example from the Rakhiot glacier, Punjab Himalaya, Snow and glacier hydrology. In: Proceedings of the Kathmandu Symposium, November, 1992.

McCuen, R., 2005. The role of sensitivity analysis in hydrologic modelling. Journal of Hydrology 18, 37–53.

Medina, S.and Houze, R. A., Kumar, A., Niyogi, D., 2010. Summer Monsoon convection in the Himalaya region: Terrain and land cover effects. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 136, 593–616.

Menzel, L., 1996. Modellierung der Evapotranspiration im System Boden-Pﬂanzen-Atmosphäre. Ph.D. thesis, ETH Zürich.

Middelkoop, H., Daamen, K., Gellens, D., Grabs, W.and Kwadijk, J. C. J., Lang, H., Parmet, B. W.

A. H., Schädler, B., Schulla, J., Wike, K., 2001. Impact of climate change on hydrological regimes and water resources management in the Rhine basin. Climate Change 49„ 105–128.

Miller, J. T., Spoolman, S., 2009. Living in the Environment: Principles, Connections, and Solutions. Brooks/Cole Pub Co, Canada.

Milliman, J. D., Meade, R. H., 1983. World-wide delivery of river sediment to the oceans. The Journal of Geology 91, 1–21.

Minder, J. R., Mote, P. W., Lundquist, J. D., 2010. Surface temperature lapse rates over complex terrain: Lessons from the Cascade Mountains. Journal of Geophysical Research 115, 1–13.

Moench, M., 2010. Responding to climate and other change processes in complex contexts: Challenges facing development of adaptive policy frameworks in the Ganga Basin. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 77 (6), 975–986.

MoFSC, 2002. Forest and Vegetation types of Nepal. Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, Government of Nepal and Natural Resource Management Sector Assistance Programme (NARMSAP), TISC Document Series, No. 105.

Montanari, A., 2005. Large sample behaviors of the Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) in assessing the uncertainty of rainfall-runoff simulations. Water Resources Research 41, 1–13.

Mool, P. K., Bajracharya, S. R., Joshi, S. P., 2001a. Inventory of Glaciers, Glacial Lakes, and Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Monitoring and Early Warning Systems in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan Region -Bhutan. ICIMOD, Kathmandu.

Mool, P. K., Bajracharya, S. R., Joshi, S. P., 2001b. Inventory of Glaciers, Glacial Lakes, and Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Monitoring and Early Warning Systems in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan Region -Nepal. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Kathmandu Nepal.

Morgan, R., Morgan, D., Finney, H., 1984. A predictive model for the assessment of soil erosion risk. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 30, 245–253.

Morris, E. M., 1985. Snow and ice. In: Anderson, M. G. and Burt, T. P. (Eds) Hydrological Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.

Narayana, V. V. D., 1987. Downstream Impats of Soil conservation in the Himalaya region. Mountain Research Development 7 (3), 287–298.

Nash, J. E., Sutcliffe, J. V., 1970. River ﬂow forecasting through conceptual models, Part I -A discussion of principles. Journal of Hydrology 10, 282–290.

Nepal, S., Adiga, P. B., 2007. Linkages between watershed and irrigation, a case study on management practices of Farmer Managed Irrigation System (FMIS), Argali, Palpa, Nepal. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Seminar on Irrigation in Transition: Interacting with Internal and External Factors and Setting the Strategic Actions, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Nepal, S., Krause, P., Flügel, W.-A., Fink, M., Pfennig, 2011. Understanding the impact of climate change in the glaciated alpine catchment of the Himalaya Region using the J2000 hydrological model. In: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Building Knowledge Bridges for a Sustainable Water Future, Panama, 2011. pp. 55–60.

Niehoff, D., Fritsch, U., Bronstert, A., 2002. Land-use impacts on storm-runoff generation: scenarios of land-use change and simulation of hydrological response in a meso-scale catchment in SW-Germany. Journal of Hydrology 267 (1-2), 80–93.

Nijssen, B., O’Donnell, G. M., Hamlet, A. F., Lettenmaier, D. P., 2001. Hydrologic Sensitivities of Global Rivers to Climate Change. Climate Change 50, 143–175.

Oestrem, G., 1959. Ice Melting under a Thin Layer of Moraine, and the Existence of Ice Cores in Moraine Ridges. Geograﬁska Annaler 41, 228–230.

Olaya, V., 2004. A gentle introduction to SAGA GIS. Tech. rep.

Overpeck, J., Anderson, D., Trumbore, S., Prell, W., 1996. The southwest Indian Monsoon over the last 18000 years. Climate Dynamics, 12, 213–225.

Pant, D., Thapa, B., Singh, A., Bhattarai, M., Molden, D., 2005. Integrated management of water, forest and land resources in Nepal: Opportunities for improved livelihood. CA Discussion Paper 2. Tech. rep., Colombo, Sri Lanka: Comprehensive Assessment Secretariat.

Paul, F., Kááb, A., Maisch, M., Kellenberger, T., Haeberli, W., 2004. Rapid disintegration of Alpine glaciers observed with satellite data. Geophysical Research Letters 31, L21402.

Pauleit, S., Ennos, R., Golding, Y., 2005. Modeling the environmental impacts of urban land use and land cover change-a study in Merseyside, UK. Landscape and Urban Planning 71(2–4), 295–310.

Pfennig, B., Wolf, M., 2007. Extraction of process-based topographic model units using SRTM elevation data for Prediction in Ungauged Basins (PUB) in different landscapes. MODSIM07 : International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, December 10-13, 2007.

Prasch, M., 2010. Distributed Process Oriented Modelling of the Future Impact of Glacier MeltWater

on Runoff in the Lhasa River Basin in Tibet,. Ph.D. thesis, Dissertation der Fakultät für Geowissenschaften der LMU München,.

Raghunath, H. M., 2006. Hydrology, Principles, Analysis and Design. New Age International (P) Limited, New Delhi, India.

Rai, S. C., Sharma, E., 1998. Comparative assessment of runoff characteristics under different land use patterns within a Himalayan watershed. Hydrological processes 12„ 2235–2248.

Ramsay, W. J. H., 1987. Deforestation and erosion in the Nepalese Himalaya -is the link myth or reality? In: Forest Hydrology and watershed management -Proceedings of the Vancouver Symposium, August 1987: IAHS Publication no 167. IAHS.

Randall, D. A., Wood, R. A., Bony, S., Colman, R., Fichefet, T., Fyfe, J., Kattsov, V., Pitman, A., Shukla, J., Srinivasan, J., Stouffer, R. J., Sumi, A., Taylor, K. E., 2007. Climate Models and their Evaluation. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M.Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

Refsgaard, J., 2007. Hydrological Modeling and River Basin Management. Phd thesis, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, 90.

Refsgaard, J. C., 1996. Terminology, modelling protocol and classiﬁcation of hydrological model codes. In: Abbott, M. B. and Refsgaard, J. C. (Eds): Distributed Hydrological Modelling. Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Refsgaard, J. C., Storm, B., 1996. Construction, calibration and validation of hydrological models. In:

M. B. Abbott and J. C. Refsgaard (Eds), Distributed Hydrological Modelling. Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecht, 41–54.

Refsgaard, J. C., Storm, B., Refsgaard, A., 1995. Validation and applicability of distributed hydrological models. In: Modelling and Management of Sustainable Basin-scale Water Resource Systems (Proceedings of a Boulder Symposium, July 1995). IAHS Publ. no. 231. pp. 387–397.

Regmee, S. B., 2004. Water induced disasters in nepal: Recent trends and measures. In: International Symposium on Utilization of Disaster Information, Organizing and Sharing Disaster Information in Asian Country, JSECE, Publication No. 44. The Japan Society of Erosion Control Engineering.

Richter, D., 1995. Ergebnisse methodischer Untersuchungen zur Korrektur des systematischen Messfehlers des Hellmann-Niederschlagsmessers. Berichte des Deutschen Wetterdienstes Nr. 194, Offenback am Main.

Ring, P. J., Fisher, I. H., 1985. The effects of changes in land use on runoff from large catchments in the upper Macintyre Valley, NSW. In: Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium, Sydney, 14 -16 May, 1985. The Institution of Engineers, Australia, National Conference Publication 85/2:153-158. pp. 153–158.

Sakai, A., Fujita, K., Kubota, J., 2004. Evaporation and percolation effect on melting at debris-covered Lirung Glacier, Nepal Himalayas, 1996. Bulletin of Glacier Research 21, 9–15.

Sakai, A., Takeuchi, N., Fujita, K., Nakawo, M., 2000. Role of supraglacial ponds in the ablation process of a debris-covered glaciers in the Nepal Himalayas. In: Debris Covered Glaciers (Proceedings of a workshop held at Seattle, Washington, USA, September 2000). IAHS Publ. no. 265, 2000.

Sangjun, I., Hyeonjun, K., Chulgyum, K., Cheolhee, J., 2009. Assessing the impacts of land use changes on watershed hydrology using MIKE SHE. Environmental Geology 57, 231–239.

Scheffer, F., Schachtschabel, P., 1984. Lehrbuch der Bodenkunde. Enke Verlag. Stuttgart.

Schelling, D., 1992. The tectonostratigraphy and structure of the Eastern Nepal Himalaya. Tectonics 11, 925–943.

Schindler, D. W., 1997. Widespread effects of climatic warming on freshwater ecosystems in North America. Hydroloigical Processes 11, 1043–1067.

Schneeberger, C., Blatter, H., Ayako, A., Wild, M., 2003. Modelling changes in the mass balance of glaciers of the northern hemisphere for a transient 2 X CO2 scenario. Journal of Hydrology 282, 145–163.

Schulla, J., 1997. Hydrologische Modellierung von Flussgebieten zur Abschätzung der Folgen von Klimaänderungen. Ph.D. thesis, Geographisches Institut der ETH, Zürich.

Searcy, J. K., 2002. Flow duration curves -Manual of hydrology, Part 2. Low ﬂow techniques. USGS, Water Supply Paper 1542-A.

Sen, P. K., 1968. Estimates of the Regression Coefﬁcient based on Kendall’s Tau. Journal of American Statistical Association 63(324), 1379–1389.

Sevruk, B., 1986. Correction of precipitation measurements, summary report. In: Sevruk, B. (Ed.), Correction Of Precipitation Measurements. ETH/IASH/WMO Workshop on the Correction of Precipitation Measurements, Zürich, April 1–3, 1985. Züricher Geographische Schriften 23, ETH, Geographisches Institut, Zürich, pp. 13–23.

Sharma, K. P., 1993. Role of meltwater in major river systems of Nepal. In: Young, GJ (ed) International Symposium on Snow and Glacier Hydrology, Kathmandu, International Association of Hydrological Sciences, Publication No. 218, pp 113 -122. Wallingford (UK): IAHS.

Sharma, K. P., 1997. Impact of land-use and climatic chagnes on hydrology of the Himalayan Basin: A case study of the Kosi Basin. Ph.D. thesis, University of New Hampshire.

Sharma, K. P., Moore III, B., Vorosmarty, C. J., 2000a. Anthropogenic, Climatic and hydrological trends in the Kosi basin, Himalaya. Climate Change 47, 141–165.

Sharma, K. P., Vorosmarty, C. J., Moore, B., 2000b. Sensitivity of the Himalayan Hydrology to Land-use and Climatic Changes. Climate Change 47, 117–139.

Shiga Declaration, 2002. Shiga Declaration on Forests and Water. Tech. rep., International Expert Meeting on Forests and Water 20-22 November 2002, Shiga, Japan.

Shiklomanov, A. I., Yakovleva, T. I., Lammers, R. B., Karasev, I. P., Vörösmarty, C. J., Linder, E., Jul. 2006. Cold region river discharge uncertainty-estimates from large Russian rivers. Journal of Hydrology 326, 231–256.

Shiraiwa, T., Ueno, K., Yamada, T., 1992. Distribution of mass input on glaciers in the Langtang Valley Nepal Himalayas. Bulletin of Glacier Research 10, 21–30.

Shrestha, A. B., Eriksson, M., Mool, P., Ghimire, P., Mishra, B., Khanal, N. R., 2010. Glacial lake outburst ﬂood risk assessment of Sun Koshi basin, Nepal. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk 1(2), 157–169.

Shrestha, A. B., Wake, C. P., Dibb, J. E., Mayewski, P. A., 2000. Precipitation ﬂuctuations in the Nepal Himalaya and its vicinity and relationship with some large-scale climatology parameters. International journal of Climatology 20, 317–327.

Shrestha, A. B., Wake, C. P., Mayewski, P. A., Dibb, J. E., 1999. Maximum Temperature Trends in the Himalaya and Its Vicinity: An Analysis Based on Temperature Records from Nepal for the Period 1971-94. International journal of Climatology 12, 2775–2787.

Shrestha, D. P., 1997. Assessment of soil erosion in the Nepalese Himalaya, a case study in Likhu Khola Valley, Middle Mountain region. . Land Husbandary, 94 (3), 2:59–80.

Shrestha, T. B., 1989. Development of Ecology of the Arun River Basin in Nepal. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Kathmandu, Nepal.

Silveira, L., 1997. Multivariate analysis in hydrology: the factor correspondence analysis method applied to annual rainfall data. Hydrological Sciences-Journal-des Sciences Hydrologiques 42(2), 215–224.

Singh, M. P., Singh, J. K., Mohanka, R., 2000. Forest Environment and Biodiversity. Daya Publishing House, New Delhi.

Singh, P., Bengtsson, L., 2004. Hydrological sensitivity of a large Himalayan basin to climate change. Hydrological Processes 18 (13), 2363–2385.

Singh, P., Jain, S. K., 2006. Snow and glacier melt in the Satluj river at Bhakra Dam in the western Himalayan region. Journal of Hydrology 326, 199–214.

Singh, P., Kumar, N., 1997. Impact assessment of climate change on the hydrological response of a snow and glacier melt runoff dominated Himalayan river. Journal of Hydrology 193 (1-4), 316–350.

Singh, P., Ramasastri, K. S., Kumar, N., 1995. Topographical Inﬂuence on precipitation distribution in different ranges of Western Himalaya. Nordic Hydrology 26, 259–284.

Singh, P., Singh, V. P., 2001. Snow and Glacier Hydrology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.

Singh, V. P., Frevert, D. K. E., 2002. Mathematical models of small watershed hydrology and applications. Water Resources Publications, Highlands Ranch, Colorado.

Siriwardena, L., Finlayson, B. L., McMahon, T. A., 2006. The impact of land use change on catchment hydrology in large catchments: The Comet River, Central Queensland, Australia. Journal of Hydrology 326, 199–214.

Smith, R. B., 1979. The inﬂuence of mountains on the atmosphere. Advances in Geophysics 21, 87–

230.

Soerensen, R., Zinko, U., Seibert, J., 2006. On the calculation of the topographic wetness index: evaluation of different methods based on ﬁeld observations. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 10, „ 101–112.

Souvignet, M., 2011. Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources in Mountainous Arid Zones: A case study in the Central Andeas, Chile. Ph.D. thesis, University of Leipzig.

Spear, R. C., Hornberger, G. M., 1980. Eutrophication in Peel Inlet, II, Identiﬁcation of critical uncertainties via generalized sensitivity analysis. Water Resources Research 14, 43–49.

Staudenarausch, H., 2001. Untersuchungen zur hydrologischen Topolo-gie von Landschaftsobjekten fuer die distributive Flussgebi-etsmodellierung. Tech. rep., Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena.

Stocking, M. A., 1984. Rates of erosion and sediment yield in the African environment. Challenges in African Hydrology and Water Resources. In: Walling, D. E., Foster, S. S. D., Wurzel, P. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Harare Symposium. International Association of Scientiﬁc Hydrology (IASHAIHS), pp. 285–295.

Tartari, G., Verza, G., Bertolami, L., 1998. Meteorological data at the Pyramid Observatory Laboratory (Khumbu Valley, Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal). In: A. Lami & G. Giussani (Eds), Limnology of high altitude lakes in the Mt. Everest Region (Nepal). Mem. Ist. ital. Idrobiol., 57: 23-40.

Tessema, S. M., 2011. Hydrological modeling as a tool for sustainable water resources management: a case study of the Awash River basin. Tech. rep., TRITA LWR.LIC 2056.

Thakur, P. K., Tamrakar, N. K., 2001. Geomorphology, sedimentology, and hazard assessment of the Sapta Kosi alluvial fan in eastern Nepal. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 24 (Special Issue), 29–30.

Thanapakpawin, P., Richey, P. J., Thomas, D., Rodda, S., Campbell, B., Logsdon, M., 2007. Effects of land use change on the hydrologic regime of the Mae Chaem river basin, NW Thailand. Journal of Hydrology 334, 215–230.

Thomson, M., Warburton, M., 1985. Uncertainty on a Himalayan Scale. Mountain Research Development 5 (2), 115–135.

Thomson, M., Warburton, M., Haltey, T., 2006. Uncertainty on a Himalayan Scale. Himal Books, Kathmandu.

Tisseuil, C., Vrac, M., Lek, S., Wade, A. J., 2010. Statistical downscaling of river ﬂows. Journal of hydrology 385, 279–291.

Tiwari, P. C., 2000. Land-use changes in Himalaya and their impact on the plains ecosystem: need for sustainable land use. Land Use Policy 17, 101–111.

Ueno, K., Toyotsu, K., Bertolani, L., Tartari, G., 2008. Stepwise onset of monsoon weather observed in the nepal himalaya. Monthly Weather Review 136 (7), 2507–2522.

Uhlenbrook, S., 1999. Untersuchung und Modellierung der Abﬂussbildung in einem mesoskaligen Einzugsgebiet. Ph.D. thesis, Freiburger Schriften zur Hydrologie, Institut für Hydrologie, Univerität Freiburg.

Upreti, B. N., 1999. An overview of the stratigraphy and tectonics of the Nepal Himalaya. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 17, 577–606.

Vehvilaeinen, B., 1992. Snow cover models in operational watershed forecasting. Yhteenveto: Lumimallit vesistöjen ennustemalleissa. Publications of the Water and Environment Research Institute

11. National Board of Waters and the Environment. Finland, Helsinki.

Viessman, W., Lewis, G. L., 2003. Introduction to hydrology. New York, Intext Educational Publishers.

Virgo, K. J., Subba, K. J., 1994. Land use change between 1978 and 1990 in Dhankuta District, Koshi Hills, Eastern Nepal. Mountain Research Development 14 (2), 159–170.

Vogel, R. M., Fennessey, N. M., 1995. Flow duration curves II: A review of applications in water resources planning. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 31(6), 1029–1039.

Wagener, T., Lees, M. J., Wheater, H. S., 2001. Monte-Carlo Analysis Toolbox User Manual. Tech. rep., Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine.

Walder, J. S., Costa, J. E., 1996. Outburst ﬂoods from glacier-dammed lakes: the effect of mode of lake drainage on ﬂood magnitude. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 21(8), 701–723.

Walder, J. S., Fountain, A. G., 1997. Glacier generated ﬂoods. In: Proceedings of the Conference held at Anaheim, California, June 1996). IAHS Publ. no. 239, 1997.

Walker, W. E., Harremoees, P., Rotmans, J., Van Der Sluijs, J. P., Van, Asselt, M. B. A., Janssen, P., , Krayer von Krauss, M. P., 2003. Deﬁning uncertainty: A conceptual basis for uncertainty management in model-based decision support. Integrated Assessment 4(1), 5–17.

Walling, D. E., 1999. Linking land use, erosion and sediments yields in river basins. Hydrobiologia 410, 223–240.

Walling, D. E., 2001. The Impact of Global Change on Erosion and Sediment Transport by Rivers: Current Progress and Future Challenges. Tech. rep., United Nations Educational, Scientiﬁc and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

Wasson, R. J., 2003. A sediment budget for the Ganga Brahmaputra catchment. Current Science 84

(8) PART 8, 1041–1047.

Wasson, R. J., Juyal, N., Jaiswal, M., McCullochd, M., Sarinb, M. M., Jaine, V., Srivastavac, P., Singhvi, A. K., 2008. The mountain-lowland debate: Deforestation and sediment transport in the upper Ganga catchment. Journal of Environmental Management 88, 53–61.

Watson, R. T., Verardo, D. J., 2000. Land Use, Land Use Changes and Forestry. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Watson, R. T., Zinyowera, M. C., Moss, R. H., 1996. Climate Change 1995: Impacts, adaptations, and mitigation of climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

WECS, 2011. Koshi River Basin Management Strategic Plan (2011-2021). Tech. rep., Water and Energy Commission Secretariat, Government of Nepal.

Weichel, T., Pappenberger, F., Schulz, K., 2007. Sensitivity and uncertainty in ﬂood inundation modelling – concept of an analysis framework. Advance Geoscience 11, 31–36.

Wessolek, G., 1993. Erarbeitung eines Schlüssels zur Abschätzung von Versickerung und Oberﬂächenabﬂuss versiegelter Flächen Berlins. Tech. rep., Unveröffentlicher Bericht im Auftrag der Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde. Berlin.

Whetton, P. H., Fowler, A. M., Haylock, M. R., Pittock, A. B., 1993. Implications of climate change due to the enhanced greenhouse effect on ﬂoods and droughts in Australia. Climate Change 25, 289–317.

Wilby, R. L., Hay, L. E., Leavesley, G. H., 1999. A comparison of downscaled and raw GCM output: implications for climate change scenarios in the San Juan River Basin, Colorado. Journal of Hydrology 225, 67–91.

Wilk, J., 2002. Simulating the impacts of land-use and climate change on water resource a availability for a large south Indian catchment. Hydrological Sciences 47(1), 19–30.

Wilk, J., Andersson, L., Plemkamon, V., 2001. Hydrological impacts of forest conversion to agriculture in a large river basin in northeast Thailand. Hydrological process Processes 15, 2729–2748.

WMO, 1988. Analyzing long time series of hydrological data with respect to climate variability, Project description, WCAP -3. Tech. rep., World Meteorological Organisation.

Yasunari, T., 1976. Seasonal weather variations in Khumbu Himal. Seppyo, 38, Special Issue., 74–83.

Yasunari, T., Inoue, J., 1978. Characteristics of monsoonal precipitation around peaks and ridges in Shorong and Khumbu Himal. Seppyo 40 special issue, 26–14.

Zhang, L., Dawes, W. R., Walker, G. R., 1999. Predicting the Effect of Vegetation Changes on Catchment Average Water Balance. Technical report 99/12, 35pp., Cooperative Research Centre for Catchment Hydrology.

=Bibliography and Further Reading=

Tutorials Data Himalaya

Latest revision as of 09:07, 9 July 2014

Contents

Who can use the tutorial

Description of the test dataset

The J2000 model

Dataset preparation

Model parameter files

Soil parameter file

Land cover parameter file

Hydro-geological parameter file

HRUs and Reach parameter files

Meteorological input data

Workspace for input data

Folders and files

Model xml file

Display model results and output

Modules within the J2000 hydrological Model

Calculation of Evapotranspiration

Precipitation distribution module

Interception module

Snow module

Glacier module

Soil water module

Groundwater module

Routing module

Model calibration

Setting up a new model

Discussion Forum

Bibliography and Further Reading

Views

Personal tools

Navigation

Search

Toolbox

In other languages

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-The tutorial is prepared to use the J2000 hydrological model for hydrological system analysis of a river catchment. A test catchment and dataset of the Dudh Kosi river basin has been provided along with the tutorial. The Dudh Kosi river basin was used for the hydrological system analysis by using the J2000 hydrological model as a part of the PhD research (Nepal, 2012). The information provided here is largely based on this study. [http://www.db-thueringen.de/servlets/DocumentServlet?id=20854 PhD Thesis]. The motivation, objectives and methodological approach and the rational of using the J2000 model in the Dudh Kosi river basin are also presented. The users can use the test data to get familiar with the model application. At the same time, users can prepare their own dataset to understand the hydrological system dynamics of any river basin by following this tutorial.
+[[pt:Tutoriais_Dados_do_Himalaya]]
+This page has been moved to:
+http://ilms.uni-jena.de/ilmswiki/index.php/Applying_the_J2000_model
-= Who can use the tutorial =
+After a short time, this page will be removed!!
-The tutorial is prepared in such a way that the J2000 hydrological model can be used independently without any techtical support from model developers. Therefore, it can be used by students, model developers and researchers for the hydrological system analysis of a catchment. The tutorial should be read in conjunction with other sub-tutorials which has been mentioned in different part of this tutorial. Additionally, the tutorial is supplied with test dataset of the Dudh Kosi river basin (Nepal, 2012) which users can use to get familiar with the different aspects of the J2000 model. Similarly, users can also create their own dataset of the catchment of interest to run the model.
-= Description of the test dataset =
+This tutorial has been prepared to use the J2000 hydrological model for hydrological system analysis of a river catchment. A test dataset of the Dudh Kosi river basin have been provided along with the tutorial. The Dudh Kosi river basin was used for the hydrological system analysis by using the J2000 hydrological model as a part of the PhD research (Nepal, 2012). The information provided here is largely based on this study [[http://www.db-thueringen.de/servlets/DocumentServlet?id=20854 PhD Thesis]]. Users can use the test data to get familiar with the model application. At the same time, users can prepare their own dataset to simulate the hydrological behavior of any catchment by following this tutorial. A separate section is provided at the end of the tutorial to use the J2000 model for a new catchment. [[http://ilms.uni-jena.de/ilmswiki/index.php/Tutorials_Data_Himalaya#Setting_up_a_new_model How to set up a new model]]. Similarly, the information about the users forum for the Integrated Landscape Management System (ILMS) application is also provided at the end which can be used as a discussion forum to discuss issues related to the modelling application. Via the forum, the model developers and users can be reached.
-The tutorial is accompanied by the test dataset of the Dudh Kosi river basin. This hydro-meteorological data were provided by the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM), Government of Nepal. The DHM has provided permission to use the data along with the tutorial. The users are expected to use the tutorial along with the test data to understand different aspects of the J2000 modelling system and also aim to prepare their own dataset to run the model.
+The different components of the ILMS software (ILMSimage, ILMSgis, ILMSmodel, and ILMSexplore) can be downloaded from
+[http://ilms.uni-jena.de/ilmswiki/index.php/GRASS-HRU#Download.2FInstallation_of_GRASS-HRU here]. This tutorial also explains how to install the ILMS software package.
-== Motivation ==
-This is the motivation of the study.
+= Who can use the tutorial =
-== Study area ==
+The tutorial is prepared in such a way that the J2000 hydrological model can be used independently without any techtical support from model developers. Therefore, it can be used by students, model developers and researchers for the hydrological system analysis of a catchment. The tutorial should be read in conjunction with other sub-tutorials which has been mentioned in different part of this tutorial. Additionally, the tutorial is supplied with test dataset of the Dudh Kosi river basin (Nepal, 2012) which users can use to get familiar with the different aspects of the J2000 model. Similarly, users can also create their own dataset of the catchment of interest to run the model.
-This is the Study area, Dudh Kosi river basin.
+= Description of the test dataset =
-== Objectives and methods ==
+The tutorial is accompanied by the test dataset of the Dudh Kosi river basin. The Dudh Kosi river basin is a sub-catchment of the Kosi river basin, Nepal located in the Himalayan region. The Department of Hydrology Meteorology (DHM), Government of Nepal, collects and manage the hydro-meteorological data. Six precipitation and one climate station is available in the Dudh Kosi river basin. Since, the measured data is not allowed to distribute publicly, the data provided here is not from the real stations. These data are from virtual stations in which the data the regionalized data were used and further processed with random errors. These input dataset are provided below along with the workspace directory to run the J2000 model. The users are expected to use the tutorial along with the test data to understand different aspects of the J2000 modelling system and also aim to prepare their own datasets to run the model. Users should contact the [http://dhm.gov.np/ DHM Nepal] directly to get the real observed data from the stations. The modelling results with the measured data from DHM, Nepal can be found in the PhD dissertation (Nepal, 2012).
-Objectives and methods
+To understand the motivation, objectives, methodological approach and the study area adopted for the hydrological system dynamics of the Dudh Kosi river basin, the PhD thesis can be referred for further details.
 = The J2000 model=
-The J2000 model is a distributed and process oriented distributed hydrological model for hydrological simulations of meso-and macro-scale catchment. It is implemented in the Jena Adaptable Modelling system (JAMS) which is a software framework for component based development and application of environmental models (Kralisch and Krause 2006, Kralisch et.al. 2007). The simulation of different hydrological processes is carried out in encapsulated process modules which are to a great extend independent of each other. This allows changing, substituting or adding single modules or processes without having restructuring the model once again from the start.  With this flexibility, a glacier module is integrated as a part of the study carried out by Nepal (2012) in the Himalayan region.
+The J2000 model is a distributed and process oriented distributed hydrological model for hydrological simulations of meso-and macro-scale catchments. It is implemented in the Jena Adaptable Modelling system (JAMS), which is a software framework for component-based development and application of environmental models (Kralisch and Krause 2006, Kralisch et.al. 2007). The simulation of different hydrological processes is carried out in encapsulated process modules which are to a great extend independent of each other. This allows changing, substituting or adding single modules or processes without having to restructure the model once again from the start.  With this flexibility, a glacier module is integrated as a part of the study carried out by Nepal (2012) in the Himalayan region.
-The modelling application represents the important hydrological processes of a river catchment. The principal layout of the J2000 hydrological model is provided in the figure below. The layout also includes the glacier module which has been applied in the Himalayan region. The modelling system differentiates among four different runoff components according to their specific origin. The component with the highest temporal dynamics is the fast direct runoff (RD1) (overland flow). It consists of the runoff of sealed areas and surface runoff originating due to saturated access and infiltration access processes. The slow direct runoff component (RD2) (also known as Interflow 1), which corresponds to the lateral hypodermic runoff within soil zone, reacts slightly more slowly. This process reacts slightly more slowly than RD1. Two further base flow runoff components can be distinguished. The relatively 'fast baseflow runoff (RG1) (also known as Interflow 2) simulates the runoff from the upper part of an aquifer, which is more permeable due to weathering, compared to the lower zone of the aquifer. The slow baseflow runoff component (RG2), which can be seen as flow within fractures of solid rocks or matrix in homogeneous unconsolidated aquifers.
+The modelling application represents the important hydrological processes of a river catchment. The principal layout of the J2000 hydrological model is provided in the figure below. The layout also includes the glacier module which has been applied in the Himalayan region. The modelling system differentiates among four different runoff components according to their specific origin. The component with the highest temporal dynamics is the fast direct runoff (RD1) (overland flow). It consists of the runoff of sealed areas and surface runoff originating due to saturated access and infiltration access runoff. The slow direct runoff component (RD2) (also known as Interflow 1), which corresponds to the lateral hypodermic runoff within soil zone, reacts slightly more slowly. This process reacts slightly more slowly than RD1. Two further base flow runoff components can be distinguished. The relatively 'fast baseflow runoff (RG1) (also known as Interflow 2) simulates the runoff from the upper part of an aquifer, which is more permeable due to weathering, compared to the lower zone of the aquifer. The slow baseflow runoff component (RG2), which can be seen as flow within fractures of solid rocks or matrix in homogeneous unconsolidated aquifers.
 [[File:J2000 layout1.png|500x500px|HRU schematic diagram]]
 The detailed description of the modelling systems is provided in many publications. Some of the important publications are:
-(Krause, 2001,; Krause 2002,; Krause, 2010,; Nepal, 2012; Kralisch and Krause 2006,; Kralisch et.al. 2007). Some of the publications can be accessed from this link also: http://jams.uni-jena.de/index.php?id=5582&L=2
+(Krause, 2001,; Krause 2002,; Krause, 2010,; Nepal, 2012; Kralisch and Krause 2006,; Kralisch et.al. 2007). Some of the publications can be also accessed from this link: http://jams.uni-jena.de/index.php?id=5582&L=2
-= Preparation of dataset =
+= Dataset preparation=
 == Model parameter files ==
-The requirement of the data to run the J2000 hydrological model is discussed in detail which is a pre-requisite to run the model. Two types of data are required i) model parameter files and ii) meteorological input data. The first one is prepared and quantified inside the GIS environment and known as model parameter files. The parameter files and their values are static in the modelling application.
+The requirements of the data to run the J2000 hydrological model is discussed in detail here. Two types of data are required i) model parameter files and ii) meteorological input data. The first one is prepared and quantified inside the GIS environment and known as model parameter files. The parameter files and their values are static in the modelling application.
-Users have to prepare all the input data (i.e. soil, land cover, geology, DEM) in raster format with certain resolution. While delineating HRUs, all the input data has to be provided in a same resolution. The resolution of the dataset mainly controls the number of HRUs to be formed without losing the heterogeneity of a catchment. Therefore, the resolution of input data depends upon a catchment to be modelled. If the catchment is small (e.g. 600 km²), the resolution between 30-90 is suitable depending upon the resolution of the available dataset. Similarly, for meso-scale catchment (e.g. 4000 km²), resolution between 250-500 m is suitable.
+Users have to prepare all the input data (i.e. soil, land cover, geology, DEM) in raster format with certain resolution. While delineating HRUs, all the input data has to be provided in the same resolution. The resolution of the dataset mainly controls the number of HRUs to be formed without losing the heterogeneity of a catchment. Therefore, the resolution of input data depends upon the catchment to be modelled. For example, if the catchment is small (e.g. 1000 km²), the resolution between 30-90 is suitable depending upon the resolution of the available dataset. Similarly, for meso-scale catchment (e.g. 4000 km²), resolution between 250-500 m is suitable. In addition, a catchment with flat topography (e.g. low gradient) needs fine resolution data to characterise the features of a catchment.
 The detailed descriptions to derive the parameter files are provided below:
@@ Line 52: / Line 53: @@
 |SID || soil type ID
 |-
-|depth || depth of soil
+|depth || soil depth
 |-
 |kf_min || minimum permeability coefficient
@@ Line 70: / Line 71: @@
 |}
-The soil parameter file is one of the important parameter files which needs a range of information as shown in Table above to produce a comprehensive characterization regarding water holding capacity of different soil types. For this, the texture information of soil types of different soil horizons are required. A detailed description of how to produce soil parameter file is provided here:
+The soil parameter file is one of the important parameter files which needs a range of information as shown in the table above to produce a comprehensive characterization regarding water holding capacity of different soil types. For this, the texture information of soil types of different soil horizons are required. A detailed description of how to produce a soil parameter file is provided here:
 [[Soil_parameterization|How to prepare soil parameter file]]
@@ Line 82: / Line 83: @@
 ===Hydro-geological parameter file===
-The information required for the Hydro-geological parameter file are provided below:
+The information required for the Hydro-geological parameter file is provided below:
 *hgeo.par
@@ Line 101: / Line 102: @@
 |}
-The storage capacity of upper (RG1) and lower (RG2) groundwater storage can be estimated by analyzing geological information of the area. The storage capacity is normally controlled by the geological formation, rock types, origin and nature of rocks and permeability. These values are expressed as maximum storage volume in mm/day of each storage type. The storage coefficient values (RG1_k and RG2_k) are used as a general recession co-efficient of two storage. These are expressed as retention time in days in the particular storage. The recession is further controlled by a flexible calibration parameter within the model.
+The storage capacity of the upper (RG1) and lower (RG2) groundwater storage can be estimated by analyzing geological information of the area. The storage capacity is normally controlled by the geological formation, rock types, origin and nature of rocks and permeability. These values are expressed as maximum storage volume in mm/day of each storage type. The storage coefficient values (RG1_k and RG2_k) are used as a general recession co-efficient of two storage. These are expressed as retention time in days in the particular storage. The recession is further controlled by a flexible calibration parameter within the model.
-The detailed description of the hydro-geological parameter are provided here: [[Hydrogeo_parameter|How to derive hydro-geological parameter file]]
+The detailed description of the hydro-geological parameter is provided here: [[Hydrogeo_parameter|How to derive hydro-geological parameter file]]
 ===HRUs and Reach parameter files===
-Hydrological Response Units (HRUs) are the modelling entities for the J2000 hydrological model. HRUs are 'spatial model entities which are distributed, heterogeneous structured entities having a common climate, land-use, soil, and geology controlling their hydrological dynamics' (Flügel 1995). The areas which comprise similar properties such as topography (slope, aspects), land-use, soil and geology, and behaves similarly in their hydrological response, are merged together to develop a HRU. The variation of the hydrological process dynamics within the HRU should be relatively small compared with the dynamics in a different HRU (Flügel 1995).
+Hydrological Response Units (HRUs) are the modelling entities for the J2000 hydrological model. HRUs are 'spatial model entities which are distributed, heterogeneous structured entities having a common climate, land-use, soil, and geology controlling their hydrological dynamics' (Flügel 1995). The areas which comprise similar properties such as topography (slope, aspects), land-use, soil and geology, and behave similarly in their hydrological response, are merged to develop a HRU. The variation of the hydrological process dynamics within the HRU should be relatively small compared to the dynamics in a different HRU (Flügel 1995).
-The process of delineating HRUs is described in the following tutorial. [[GRASS-HRU|GRASS-HRU tutorial]]. Users need to prepare the following file for HRU delineation.
+The process of delineating HRUs is described in the following tutorial. [[GRASS-HRU|GRASS-HRU tutorial]]. Users need to prepare the following file for the HRU delineation.
 *Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
@@ Line 116: / Line 117: @@
 *Hydro-geology
-All these data must be supplied in a *.tiff data format with a same resolution. The delineation of HRUs process provide HRU and Reach parameter files at the end.
+All these data must be supplied in a *.tiff data format with the same resolution. The delineation of HRUs processes provides HRU and Reach parameter files at the end.
@@ Line 161: / Line 162: @@
 [[File:HRUpara2.png||700x700px|HRU parameter file]]
-The HRU parameter file stores the spatial attributes of the catchment area where information about elevation, area, aspect, coordinates (x,y), land-use type (landuseID), hydrogeology(hgeoID) and soil(soilID) is stored for each HRU. The HRUs are topologically connected for lateral routing to simulate lateral water transport processes between an HRU to an HRU and was further connected to a nearby reach for reach routing. The column (to_poly) defines the HRU which passes water to next HRU.
+The HRU parameter file stores the spatial attributes of the catchment area where information about elevation, area, aspect, coordinates (x,y), land-use type (landuseID), hydrogeology(hgeoID) and soil(soilID) is stored for each HRU. The HRUs are topologically connected for lateral routing to simulate lateral water transport processes from an HRU to an HRU and were further connected to a nearby reach for reach routing. The column (to_poly) defines the HRU which passes water to the next HRU.
-The connection between the HRU parameter file and other parameter files is solved inside the HRU parameter file. For example, in the HRU parameter file, the HRU id 1 has all the necessary information as required in above table, including the land-use, soil and geology type which the HRU1 belongs to:
+The connection between the HRU parameter file and other parameter files is solved inside former. For example, in the HRU parameter file, the HRU id 1 has all the necessary information as required in the table above, including the land-use, the soil and geology type which the HRU1 belongs to:
@@ Line 185: / Line 186: @@
 |}
-The reach parameter file stores the information about stream characteristics as well as the relationship between stream networks to accomplish reach routing. The reach parameter file contains information on the structure of the flow topology by noting the ID for every reach into which it transfers. The reach parameter is produced along with the HRU delineation process and also comprises the information as required in above table.
+The reach parameter file stores the information about stream characteristics as well as the relationship between stream networks to accomplish reach routing. The reach parameter file contains information on the structure of the flow topology by noting the ID for every reach into which it transfers. The reach parameter is produced along with the HRU delineation process and also comprises the information as required in the table above.
-With respect to the figure of the HRU parameter file above, the HRU ID 1 contributes water directly to REACH ID 1 whereas HRU ID 16 contributes water to HRU ID 5 which then contributes to REACH ID 2. The interactions between the parameter files were solved by a relation between the soil, land use and hydrogeological descriptors in the HRU parameter file and respective descriptors in the other parameter files.
+With respect to the figure of the HRU parameter file above, the HRU ID 1 contributes water directly to REACH ID 1 whereas HRU ID 16 contributes water to HRU ID 5 which then contributes to REACH ID 2. The interactions between the parameter files were solved by a relation between soil, land use and hydrogeological descriptors in the HRU parameter file and respective descriptors in the other parameter files.
+<span style="color:red;">[Important] The sample parameter files are provided in the [http://ilms.uni-jena.de/ilmswiki/index.php/Tutorials_Data_Himalaya#Workspace_for_input_data workspace directory].
 == Meteorological input data ==
@@ Line 216: / Line 219: @@
-The J2000 modelling system uses Inverse Distance Weightings (IDW) with elevation correction method for the regionalization of the input climate data. The detailed description of regionalization approach is provided in:
+The J2000 modelling system uses Inverse Distance Weightings (IDW) with the elevation correction method for the regionalization of the input climate data. The figure below shows the parameter of the regionalization approach for the Dudh Kosi river basin. The values for this parameter can be changed from the JAMS builder. The temperature regionalization for the Dudh Kosi river basin was carried out with constant lapse rate for summer and winter periods because of lack of many stations.
+[[File:RegionalizationJ2000.png | regionalization]]
+The detailed description of the regionalization approach is provided in:
 [[http://jams.uni-jena.de/ilmswiki/index.php/Hydrological_Model_J2000#Regionalization_of_Climate_and_Precipitation_Data Regionalization approach of the J2000]]
-All the data as shown in above figure might not be available in some catchments. Normally, temperature and precipitation data are commonly available. In case, there are only few stations (less than 3) for some parameters, the IDW does not work properly. In that case, the same input value is applied for the entire catchment. For some particular variables, for example, temperature, this approach would bring large amount of errors/uncertainties. In such cases, the regionalization approach based on a lapse rate is suggested for temperature. The details of this approach is provided in Nepal, 2012.
+All the meteorological input data might not be available in some catchments. Normally, temperature and precipitation data are commonly available. If there are only few stations (less than 3) for some parameters, the IDW does not work properly. In that case, the same input value is applied for the entire catchment. For some particular variables, for example, temperature, this approach would bring large amounts of errors/uncertainties. In such cases, the regionalization approach based on a lapse rate is suggested for temperature. The details of this approach are provided in Nepal, 2012.
-The relative humidity, wind and sunshine hours are also not frequently available in some catchments. These values are used for the estimation of evapotranspiration while using Penman-Monteith approach. The sunshine hours and wind speed can be assumed to be enough from one station, in case no other station data is available. In such cases, the same station value is applied for a whole catchment. The one station value for relative humidity also brings certain errors while calculating relative humidity using absolute humidity and temperature. In the J2000 modelling system, a direct regionalization of the relative humidity values is not recommended. The details are provided in 'calculation of evapotranspiration' sub-tutorial.
+The relative humidity, wind and sunshine hours are also not frequently available in some catchments. These values are used for the estimation of evapotranspiration while using the Penman-Monteith approach. The sunshine hours and wind speed can be assumed to be enough from one station, in case no other station data is available. In such cases, the same station value is applied for a whole catchment. The one station value for relative humidity also brings certain errors while calculating relative humidity using absolute humidity and temperature. In the J2000 modelling system, a direct regionalization of the relative humidity values is not recommended. The details are provided in the [http://jams.uni-jena.de/ilmswiki/index.php/Hydrological_Model_J2000#Calculation_of_Evapotranspiration calculation of evapotranspiration] sub-tutorial.
 In case these data (rhum, sunh, wind) are not available  the Pennmann-Monteith approach cannot be used. Rather a more empirical approach based on temperature such as Hargreaves, can be used.
-A sample of the Input data of rainfall (rain.dat) file is provided below:
+A sample of the Input data of the rainfall (rain.dat) file is provided below:
 [[File:Input_rain.png||900x900px|Input data format]]
-The input data must be saved with extension .dat (example: rain.dat). The data in excel format can be saved as 'Text (tab delineated)(*.txt)' and changing the extension from *.txt to *.dat*. At the end of the each dataset, the data column must be ended by #end of data.dat. For more details, download the sample data file:
+The input data must be saved with the extension .dat (example: rain.dat). The data in excel format can be saved as 'Text (tab delineated)(*.txt)' and changing the extension from *.txt to *.dat*. At the end of the each dataset, the data column must be ended by #end of data.dat. For more details, download the sample data file:
-Each data file has the following structure (demonstrated here for the example of rainfall):
+Each data file has the following structure (demonstrated here for the example "rainfall"):
 {| style="text-align:left;"
@@ Line 279: / Line 285: @@
 |}
-The input data of Dudh Kosi river basin can be downloaded from here.
+The sample files of input data can be downloaded from the workspace directory provided in [http://ilms.uni-jena.de/ilmswiki/index.php/Tutorials_Data_Himalaya#Workspace_for_input_data here].
 ==Workspace for input data==
-The input data of the J2000 hydrological model has to be provided in a specific folder considered as a 'workspace directory'. This workspace directory contains all the input data required to run the model and as well as the model output files.
+The input data of the J2000 hydrological model has to be provided in a specific folder considered as a 'workspace directory'. This directory contains all the input data required to run the model as well as the model output files. The workspace directory of 'Dudh Kosi model' is provided herewith with all the input dataset from 1987 to 1990 required to run the model. As explained earlier, the input data provided here are not from the observed stations. They are from some hypothetical stations derived from regioanlized data in addition to unsystematic random errors.
+[[File:J2000_DudhKosi_Tutorial.zip | J2000 DudhKosi model workspace directory]]
+[[File:J2000Himalaya.zip | Glacier module extension for the J2000 model]]
+<span style="color:red;">Important Note: Both J2000_DudhKosi_Tutorial.zip and J2000Himalaya.zip files have been updated on 9 July 2014.
+<span style="color:red;">Important Note:
+J2000Himalaya.zip contains a J2K_Himalaya.jar file which is an extension of the glacier module to the standard J2000 hydrological model. Therefore, this jar file has to be copied in the lib folder (\Program Files\jams\lib) [if your basin has glaciers]. The lib folder already contains J2K.jar file when users download the JAMS software along with the test dataset of the Gelberg catchment. Users can also keep the J2000Himalaya.jar file in different locations, but the path has to be defined when the model is run first time by the following steps:
+[JAMS Launcher(or JAMS Builder)-->>Edit-->>Edit perferences]. A new window 'JAMS preferences' will appear. Users need to locate the location of the *jar file by clicking + sign).
 ===Folders and files===
@@ Line 291: / Line 310: @@
 '''Folder: input'''
-The input folder has one 12 xml file of each input data. Please copy and paste these files as they are the connector for the real input data which are located inside the folder 'local'.
+The input folder has 12 xml files of all input data. Please copy and paste these files as they are the connector for the real input data which are located inside the folder 'local'.
 ''subfolder: local''
-The folder inside input folder contains the input data for eight variables (rain.dat, rhum.dat, sunh.dat, tmax.dat, tmean.dat, tmin.dat, wind.dat). The ahum.dat is created when the model is run first time by using the existing data.
+The folder the inside input folder contains the input data for eight variables (rain.dat, rhum.dat, sunh.dat, tmax.dat, tmean.dat, tmin.dat, wind.dat). ahum.dat is created when the model is run for the first time by using the existing data.
 subfolder: gis
-Some GIS layers can be put here to display the spatial distribution of some output variables (for example, the spatial distribution of precipitation in a catchment (2D and 3D). For this, users need to put the DEM file of a catchment (data format: *.asc). The resolution of the DEM should be similar to the input DEM for HRU delineation process. Users need to copy the styles.sld file which is required to display a map. Additionally, HRUs, streams and station data files (*.shp) can be put in a separate folder to display the variables in a map component. The names of these files and folders have to be defined in a model xml file [[http://jams.uni-jena.de/ilmswiki/index.php/Tutorials_Data_Himalaya#Model_xml_file model xml file]].
+Some GIS layers can be put here to display the spatial distribution of some output variables (for example, the spatial distribution of precipitation in a catchment (2D and 3D). For this, users need to put the DEM file of a catchment (data format: *.asc). The resolution of the DEM should be similar to the input DEM for the HRU delineation process. Users need to copy the styles.sld file, which is required to display a map. Additionally, HRUs, streams and station data files (*.shp) can be put in a separate folder to display the variables in a map component. The names of these files and folders have to be defined in a model xml file [[http://jams.uni-jena.de/ilmswiki/index.php/Tutorials_Data_Himalaya#Model_xml_file model xml file]].
 'subfolder: dump'
@@ Line 307: / Line 326: @@
 '''Folder: output'''
-The folder output has two xml files (HRULoop.xml and TimeLoop.xml) and a folder current. These *.xml file defines the variables for which the output is created. Similarly, the output data is put inside the current folder (file names: TimeLoop.dat and HRULoop.dat). The relevancy of these output data are discussed in sub-tutorial 'Model output' below. [Subsection: Numerical display]
+The folder output has two xml files (HRULoop.xml and TimeLoop.xml) and a folder current. These *.xml file defines the variables for which the output is created. Similarly, the output data are put inside the current folder (file names: TimeLoop.dat and HRULoop.dat). The relevancy of these output data is discussed in the sub-tutorial 'Model output' below. [Subsection: Numerical display]
 '''Folder: parameter'''
@@ Line 315: / Line 334: @@
 '''Folders: explorer and tmp'''
-The other folder inside the workspace is explorer and tmp which is used to dump some temporary files generated while running the model.
+The other folder inside the workspace is the explorer and the tmp that is used to dump some temporary files generated while running the model.
 ===Model xml file===
-The workspace directory also contains a model xml file. The model files can be read as *.xml or *.jams.  These model files are provided in example test dataset.
+The workspace directory also contains a model xml file. The model files can be read as *.xml or *.jams.  These model files are provided in an example test dataset.
-Definition of Model xml file:
+Definition of the Model xml file:
+An example of few model xml files is provided herewith. Please unzip the file to use it.
-The model xml file contains the logical structure of model framework and modules used in the model. It is organized in a systematic way that output from one module is supplied as input to the next module (example: snowmelt (output from snow module is an input for soil module). The model file also contains information about the display of different variables and outputs in the JAMS framework. The model xml can be viewed using the JAMS builder to understand the different component of a specific model.
+[[File:J2k_gehlberg.zip| Model xml file of Gelberg catchment]]: This is a standard J2000 model xml file provided in the Gelberg test data. The Gelberg catchment in Germany has sufficient input data to use IDW method for regionalization
-Users can follow the following tutorial to get familiar with the
+[[File:J2K_DudhKosi_SantoshPhD_Tutorial_2.zip| Model xml file of Gelberg catchment]]: This is a model xml file of the Dudh Kosi river basin in the Himalayan region. The region has glaciers and only one temperature station. Therefore, Temperature lapse rate module is used for temperature regionalization.
-[http://jams.uni-jena.de/ilmswiki/index.php/Tutorial_Advanced_Users# JAMS Builder].
-An example of the Dudh Kosi model is provided in the JAMS builder.
+[[File:J2k_Hargreves.zip| J2K with Hargreaves module]]: This is a model xml file for data scarce region (temperature and precipitation only) and the potential evapotranspiration is calculated using the Hargreaves Salami method.
+By applying different modules, the data requirement for the model is changed. In such condition, different modules are disable or removed in the xml file. For example, for Hargreaves Salami module , the wind, sunshine hour and relative humidity is not required. Therefore, the data reader and regionalization of these parameters are disabled in the J2k_Hargreaves xml. If users want to use Hargreaves Salami module, it is advised that users compare the xml file and data requirements with the Dudh Kosi or Gelberg xml.
+The model xml file contains the logical structure of the model framework and modules used in the model. It is organized in a systematic way that output from one module is supplied as input to the next one (example: snowmelt (output from the snow module is an input for the soil water module). This file also contains information about the display of different variables and outputs in the JAMS framework. The model xml can be viewed using the JAMS builder to understand the different component of a specific model.
+Users can follow this tutorial to get familiar with the
+[http://jams.uni-jena.de/ilmswiki/index.php/Tutorial_Advanced_Users# JAMS Builder]. This tutorial is very important to understand different fuctions of JAMS builders. For example, how to upload an existing model, how to create a new model.
+An example of the Dudh Kosi model is provided in the JAMS builder in the figure below.
@@ Line 335: / Line 364: @@
-The left window shows the location of model source code files which are required to run a model. All the model source codes are inside the *.jar file. For the J2000 model, J2000.jar file is used. The middle window provides information about the modules used in the model xml file of the Dudh Kosi model. These modules are provided in logical structure where the output of one module is provided as input to next module. A detailed description of these different modules will be provided in later section. An example of Maximum temperature regionalisation module (TmaxLapseRate) is shown in the JAMS builder below. The module uses a single station temperature data to regionalize the maximum temperature in a catchment.  By clicking the TmaxLapseRate in the middle column under Regionalization, the detailed information of the module is displayed in the right windows as shown in the figure below.
+The left window shows the location of model source code files which are required to run a model. All the model source codes are inside the *.jar file. For the J2000 model, a J2000.jar file is used. The middle window provides information about the modules used in the model xml file of the Dudh Kosi model. These are provided in logical structure where the output of one module is provided as input to next. A detailed description of these different modules will be provided in the subsequent section. An example of the Maximum temperature regionalisation module (TmaxLapseRate) is shown in the JAMS builder below. The module uses single station temperature data to regionalize the maximum temperature in a catchment.  By clicking the TmaxLapseRate in the middle column under Regionalization, the detailed information of the module is displayed in the right windows as shown in the figure below.
@@ Line 341: / Line 370: @@
-All the variables used in the modules are provided under the column 'Name'. The column 'Type' describes the characteristics of variables in terms of information (data, quality) they store in the variables. The column 'R/W' determines the input and output nature of the variables. Such as 'statElev' is a elevation of a temperature station which is denoted by R. This means the information is input to the module from previous module and denoted by 'Read'. The 'W' denotes Write which is the new output value from this module. The calibration parameters, if any, are provided in the column 'Value'. This information can be changed from JAMS builder instantly. Upon clicking the variable, the information on 'attribute configuration' will be filled. This information can be changed. Please click on 'set' to save the information.
+All the variables used in the modules are provided under the column 'Name' as shown in Figure above. The column 'Type' describes the characteristics of variables in terms of the information (data, quality) they store in these variables. The column 'R/W' determines their input and output nature. Such as 'statElev' is a elevation of a temperature station which is denoted by R. This means  that the information is input to the module from a previous module and denoted by 'Read'. The 'W' denotes Write which is the new output value from this module. The calibration parameters, if any, are provided in the column 'Value'. This information can be changed from JAMS builder instantly. Upon clicking the variable, the information on 'attribute configuration' will be filled. This information can be changed. Please click on 'set' to save the information.
-The model can be run from JAMS builder by clicking the button 'Run Model [1]' or 'Run Model from JAMS launcher[2]' as denoted by red box in the figure below. By clicking the box 1 will directly launch the model, whereas the box 2 will launch JAMS launcher. The latter will provide options to change the model parameters (such as parameter values, time period)etc.
+The model can be run from JAMS builder by clicking the button 'Run Model [1]' or 'Run Model from JAMS launcher[2]' as denoted by red box in the figure below. Clicking the box "1" will directly launch the model, whereas the box "2" will launch JAMS launcher. The latter will provide options to change the model parameters (such as parameter values, time period)etc.
@@ Line 349: / Line 378: @@
-A more detailed description of model xml file in relation to different modules and variables used in model source codes are described in (Krause, 2011). This document can be generated from the JAMS builder instantly. Click on the 'Model' from top banner and 'Generate Model Documentation'. The model documentation will be available in pdf format for download.
+A more detailed description of the model xml file in relation to different modules and variables used in the model source codes are described in Krause (2011). This document can be generated from the JAMS builder instantly. Click on the 'Model' from top banner and 'Generate Model Documentation'. The model documentation will be available in pdf format for download.
-The model xml can be viewed and edited using text editor software also (such as PSPad)  as shown below for the 'Maximum Temperature Regionalization module'.
+The model xml can also be viewed and edited using a text editor software (such as PSPad)  as shown below for the 'Maximum Temperature Regionalization module'.
 [[File:Lapserate.png|800x800px| Temperature lapse rate]]
@@ Line 364: / Line 393: @@
   <var name="lapseRateSummer" value="0.55"/>
-*The value of ''lapseRateWinter'' and and ''lapserateSummer'' is the calibration parameter which is a lapse rate of chagnge in temperature per 100 meter.
+*The value of ''lapseRateWinter'' and ''lapserateSummer'' is the calibration parameter which is a lapse rate of change in temperature per 100 meter.
   <var attribute="elevation" context="HRULoop" name="entityElev"/>
-* The attribute ''elevation'' defines the elevation of an HRU which is input variable to the TemperatureLapseRate1 module. The model reads the elevation of each HRU from the HRU parameter file as explained earlier.
+* The attribute ''elevation'' defines the elevation of an HRU which is the input variable to the TemperatureLapseRate1 module. The model reads the elevation of each HRU from the HRU parameter file as explained earlier.
   <var attribute="time" context="J2K" name="time"/>
-* The ''time'' defines the temporal resolution of the model (eg. daily)
+* ''time'' defines the temporal resolution of the model (eg. daily)
   <var attribute="tmax" context="HRULoop" name="outputValue"/>
-* ''tmax'' is the maximum temperature as output value from the module. It calculates a maximum temperature for each HRU using the input variables inside the module.
+* ''tmax'' is the maximum temperature as an output value from the module. It calculates a maximum temperature for each HRU using the input variables inside the module.
   <var attribute="elevationTmax" context="J2K" name="statElev"/>
-*''elevationTmax'' is the input variable of elevation of maximum temperature station. The model read the elevation from the temperature station in input file (e.g. tmax.dat).
+*''elevationTmax'' is the input variable of elevation of maximum temperature station. The model read the elevation from the temperature station in an input file (e.g. tmax.dat).
   <var attribute="dataArrayTmax" context="J2K" name="inputValue"/>
@@ Line 385: / Line 414: @@
-The logical order of each variables used in the module is very important in the model xml file. For example, each input variables must be defined earlier before it is being used. For example, the input variable 'dataArrayTmax' is defined earlier in a module called 'TmaxDataReader' module. The module reads all the maximum temperature daily data in a format which the model can recognize. Similarly, the output variable 'tmax'(maximum temperature) is then used in a later section. For example: tmax (maximum temperature) value of each HRU is used to calculate snowmelt of that HRU.
+The logical order of the variables used in the module is very important in the model xml file. For example, each input variable must be defined earlier before it is used. For example, the input variable 'dataArrayTmax' is defined earlier in a module called 'TmaxDataReader'. The module reads all the maximum temperature daily data in a format which the model can recognize. Similarly, the output variable 'tmax'(maximum temperature) is then used in a later section. For example: the tmax (maximum temperature) value of each HRU is used to calculate its snowmelt.
 The calibration parameters can be displayed in the JAMS framework before running the model. For this, the GUI builder of the JAMS launcher can be used (Figure below). Here the example for the '''Temperature lapse rate''' has been shown. The temperature lapse rate can be kept under the group regionalization.
-. First click on the GUI builder and choose the group 'regionalization' and then click on the 'add properties'. A new window 'Model parameter editor' will appear where the information of the model component can be changed.
+. First click on the GUI builder and choose the group 'regionalization' and then click on 'add properties'. A new window 'Model parameter editor' will appear where the information of the model component can be changed.
-. For example, in 'Component' class, choose TmaxLapseRate. Similarly, in Variable/attribute, choose lapseRateSummer. Similarly, the name and description of the parameter also have to be filled, along with the lower and upper boundary of the parameter. The users can choose the calibration parameter in between the boundary range. Users can also put extra information under Help Text to provide more detailed information about the parameter. When all the information is filled, by clicking the OK bottom, will bring the parameter in the modelling framework. Similarly, in the next step, users can choose the 'lapseRateWinter' for TmaxLapseRate. It is because the maximum temperature is regionalized with two different lapse rates for summer and winter. and also fill the other information as required as shown in the figure below:
+. For example, in the 'Component' class, choose TmaxLapseRate. In Variable/attribute, choose lapseRateSummer. Similarly, the name and description of the parameter also have to be filled, along with its lower and upper boundary of the parameter. Users can choose the calibration parameter in between the boundary range. They can also put extra information under Help Text to provide more detailed information about the parameter. When all the information is filled in, clicking "OK", will bring the parameter in the modelling framework. Likewise, in the next step, users can choose the 'lapseRateWinter' for TmaxLapseRate. This is due to the maximum temperature being regionalized with two different lapse rates for summer and winter and also fill in the other information as required as shown in the figure below:
 [[File:GUIbuilder1.png| GUI builder]]
-Similarly, the same process can be repeated to TmeanLapseRate and TminLapseRate for summer and winter periods.
+The same process can be repeated with TmeanLapseRate and TminLapseRate for summer and winter periods.
-The figure below shows the calibration parameters for the lapse rate which is displayed in the JAMS framework. Users can change the value from the JAMS launcher before running the model.
+The figure below shows the calibration parameters for the lapse rate which are displayed in the JAMS framework. Users can change the value from the JAMS launcher before running the model.
 [[file:Lapserate_window.png]]
@@ Line 429: / Line 458: @@
 [[http://jams.uni-jena.de/ilmswiki/index.php/Hydrological_Model_J2000#Calculation_of_Evapotranspiration Calculation of evapotranspiration]]
 ===Precipitation distribution module===
@@ Line 449: / Line 477: @@
 These parameters are considered as non-flexible parameters and not necessarily placed in the JAMS framework as tunable parameters.
-In the J2000 modelling system, the precipitation is first distributed between rain and snow depending upon the air temperature. Two calibration parameters (''Trans'', and ''Trs'') are used where ''Trs'' is base temperature and ''Trans'' is a temperature range (upper and lower boundary) above and below the base temperature. In order to determine the amount snow and rain, it is assumed that precipitation below a certain threshold temperatures results in total snow precipitation and exceeding a second threshold results in total rainfall as precipitation. In the range (''Trans'') between those threshold temperatures, mixed precipitation occurs.
+In the J2000 modelling system, the precipitation is first distributed between rain and snow depending upon the air temperature. Two calibration parameters (''Trans'', and ''Trs'') are used where ''Trs'' is base temperature and ''Trans'' is a temperature range (upper and lower boundary) above and below the base temperature. In order to determine the amount of snow and rain, it is assumed that precipitation below a certain threshold temperatures results in total snow precipitation and exceeding a second threshold results in total rainfall as precipitation. In the range (''Trans'') between those threshold temperatures, mixed precipitation occurs.
 '''Relevancy in modelling'''
@@ Line 456: / Line 484: @@
 The detailed description of this module along with the algorithm as defined in the model source code is provided in: [[http://jams.uni-jena.de/ilmswiki/index.php/J2000_modules_in_detail#Precipitation_distribution_module Precipitation distribution module]]
 ===Interception module===
@@ Line 463: / Line 490: @@
 {| class="wikitable" border="1"| style="text-align:right;
 |-
-! scope="col" | Parameters
+! scope="col" | Parameters (units)
 ! scope="col" | Description
 ! scope="col" | Global range
 ! scope="col" | For the Dudh Kosi model
 |-
-|α_rain|| storage capacity (m²) of particular land cover for rain || 0 to +5 || 1.0
+|α_rain (mm)|| storage capacity (m²) of particular land cover for rain in mm || 0 to +5 || 1.0
 |-
-|α_snow|| storage capacity (m²) of particular land cover for snow  || 0 to +5 || 1.28
+|α_snow (mm)|| storage capacity (m²) of particular land cover for snow in mm || 0 to +5 || 1.28
 |-
 |}
@@ Line 480: / Line 507: @@
 Interception is a process during which the precipitation is stored in leaves, and other open surfaces of vegetation. This process is identified as important components of a hydrological cycle that can affect the water balance components. Canopy and residue interception are considered losses to the system, as any rainfall intercepted by either of these components will subsequently be reduced by the evapotranspiration process. The interception module uses a simple storage approach according to Dickinson (1984), which calculates a maximum interception storage capacity based on the Leaf Area Index (LAI) of the particular type of land cover. The model gets the LAI information of different seasons from the land-cover parameter file. When the maximum storage is reached, the surplus is passed as throughfall to the soil module.
-The parameters as shown in the figure above have a different value, depending on the type of the intercepted precipitation (rain or snow). It is because the maximum interception capacity of snow is noticeably higher than of liquid precipitation.
+The parameters as shown in the figure above have a different value, depending on the type of the intercepted precipitation (rain or snow). This is due to the fact that the maximum interception capacity of snow is noticeably higher than that of a liquid precipitation.
 '''Relevancy in modelling'''
@@ Line 488: / Line 515: @@
 The detailed description of this module along with the algorithm as defined in the model source code is provided in: [[http://ilms.uni-jena.de/ilmswiki/index.php/J2000_modules_in_detail#Interception_module Interception module]]
 ===Snow module===
@@ Line 495: / Line 521: @@
 {| class="wikitable" border="1"| style="text-align:right;
 |-
-! scope="col" | Parameters
+! scope="col" | Parameters (units)
 ! scope="col" | Description
 ! scope="col" | Global range
 ! scope="col" | For the Dudh Kosi model
 |-
-|snowCritDens|| Critical density of snow|| 0 to 1 || 0.381
+|snowCritDens (%) || Critical density of snowpack|| 0 to 1 || 0.381
 |-
 |snowColdContent|| cold content of snowpack  || 0 to 1 || 0.0012
 |-
-|baseTemp|| threshold temperature for snowmelt|| -5 to 5 || 0
+|baseTemp (oC)|| threshold temperature for snowmelt|| -5 to 5 || 0
 |-
-|t_factor|| melt factor by sensible heat|| 0 to 5 || 2.84
+|t_factor || melt factor by sensible heat|| 0 to 5 || 2.84
 |-
 |r_factor|| melt factor by liquid precipitation || 0 to 5 || 0.21
@@ Line 522: / Line 548: @@
 If the melt temperature exceeds the temperature limit value ( ''baseTemp''), the snowmelt process begins. The ''snowColdContent'' parameter takes into account the cold content of the snow pack. The temperature of the snow pack has to be close to 0 to start the snowmelt process. Negative air temperatures are accumulated and decreased only by positive temperatures and to realize the snowmelt process.
-The melt energy required for the calculation of potential snow melt is supplied in the form of sensible heat by air temperature (''t_factor''), energy input from precipitation as rain (''r_factor'') and input due to soil heat flow (''g_factor''). This potential melt rate is further modified according to slope and aspect of the HRU. The snow pack is able to store is liquid water (as supplied in the form of potential snow melt) in its pores up to a certain density limit (''CritDens''). This storage capacity is lost almost completely and irreversibly when reaching a certain critical density of the snowpack (i.e. amount of free water in relation to the total snow-water equivalent between 40% and 45%) according to (Bertle 1966; Herrmann 1976). The resulting snow snowmelt is supplied to the soil module.
+The melt energy required for the calculation of potential snow melt is supplied in the form of sensible heat by air temperature (''t_factor''), energy input from precipitation as rain (''r_factor'') and input due to soil heat flow (''g_factor''). This potential melt rate is further modified according to slope and aspect of the HRU. The snow pack is able to store liquid water (as supplied in the form of potential snow melt) in its pores up to a certain density limit (''CritDens''). This storage capacity is lost almost completely and irreversibly when reaching a certain critical density of the snowpack (i.e. amount of free water in relation to the total snow-water equivalent between 40% and 45%) according to (Bertle 1966; Herrmann 1976). The resulting snow snowmelt is supplied to the soil module.
 '''Relevancy in modelling'''
@@ Line 543: / Line 569: @@
 {| class="wikitable" border="1"| style="text-align:right;
 |-
-! scope="col" | Parameters
+! scope="col" | Parameters (units)
 ! scope="col" | Description
 ! scope="col" | Global range
@@ Line 550: / Line 576: @@
 |meltFactorIce|| melt factor for Ice|| 0 to 5 || 2.5
 |-
-|tbase|| threshold temperature for melt  || -5 to 5 || -1
+|tbase (oC)|| threshold temperature for melt  || -5 to 5 || -1
 |-
 |debrisFactor|| debris factor for ice melt || 0 to 10 || 3
@@ Line 569: / Line 595: @@
-The seasonal or fresh snow in glacier areas are processed using the J2KProcessSnow as described in the Snow Module in the previous section. When snow storage is zero in the glacier HRU, the glacier ice melt process begins using the enhanced degree day factor. The energy for glacier ice melt is represented by the degree-day factor which is the general function of temperature and radiation (''meltFactorIce'' and ''alphaIce''). The melt rate is further adapted to slope and aspect of the specific HRU. The model also segregates the debris covered and non-debris covered glacier HRU by using the slope of HRUs. If the slope is higher than 30 degree, the glacier HRU is considered as non-debris covered glaciers. In the debris covered glacier HRU, the ice melt is further controlled by the calibration parameter ''debrisFactor''. The outcome from the glacier area is snowmelt (from fresh snow), glacier ice melt and rain runoff (rain-on-glaciers). All these three melt runoff are routed through the glacier areas using three different routing for snow, ice and rain (''kSnow, KIce'' and ''kRain''). At the end, the glacier melt, which is the product of three different runoff (snowmelt, icemelt and rain runoff), are supplied to nearby reach as overland flow (RD1).
+The seasonal or fresh snow in glacier areas is processed using the J2KProcessSnow as described in the Snow Module in the previous section. When snow storage is zero in the glacier HRU, the glacier ice melt process begins using the enhanced degree day factor. The energy for glacier ice melt is represented by the degree-day factor which is the general function of temperature and radiation (''meltFactorIce'' and ''alphaIce''). The melt rate is further adapted to slope and aspect of the specific HRU. The model also segregates the debris covered and non-debris covered glacier HRU by using the slope of HRUs. If the slope is higher than 30 degree, the glacier HRU is considered as non-debris covered glaciers. In the debris covered glacier HRU, the ice melt is further controlled by the calibration parameter ''debrisFactor''. The outcome from the glacier area is snowmelt (from fresh snow), glacier ice melt and rain runoff (rain-on-glaciers). All these three melt runoff are routed through the glacier areas using three different routing for snow, ice and rain (''kSnow, KIce'' and ''kRain''). At the end, the glacier melt, which is the product of three different runoff (snowmelt, icemelt and rain runoff), are supplied to nearby reach as overland flow (RD1).
 '''Relevancy in modelling:'''
@@ Line 585: / Line 611: @@
 The detailed description of the glacier module along with the algorithm as defined in the model source code is provided in [http://jams.uni-jena.de/ilmswiki/index.php/J2000_modules_in_detail#Glacier_module Glacier Module]
-===Soil module===
+===Soil water module===
@@ Line 591: / Line 617: @@
 {| class="wikitable" border="1"| style="text-align:right;
 |-
-! scope="col" | Parameters
+! scope="col" | Parameters (units)
 ! scope="col" | Description
 ! scope="col" | Global range
 ! scope="col" | For the Dudh Kosi model
 |-
-|soilMaxDPS|| maximum depression storage|| 0 to 10 || 2
+|soilMaxDPS (mm)|| maximum depression storage|| 0 to 10 || 2
 |-
 |soilLinRed|| linear reduction co-efficient for AET  || -5 to 5 || -1
 |-
-|soilMaxInfSummer||maximum infiltration in summer || 0 to 200 || 60
+|soilMaxInfSummer (mm)||maximum infiltration in summer || 0 to 200 || 60
 |-
-|soilMaxInfWinter|| maximum infiltration in winter || 0 to 200 || 75
+|soilMaxInfWinter (mm)|| maximum infiltration in winter || 0 to 200 || 75
 |-
-|soilMaxInfSnow|| maximum infiltration in snow cover areas || 0 to 200 || 40
+|soilMaxInfSnow (mm)|| maximum infiltration in snow cover areas || 0 to 200 || 40
 |-
-|soilImpGT80 || infiltration for areas lesser than 80% sealing   || 0 to 1 || 0.5
+|soilImpGT80 || infiltration for areas greater than 80% sealing   || 0 to 1 || 0.5
 |-
 |soilImpLT80|| infiltration for areas lesser than 80% sealing  || 0 to 1 || 0.5
@@ Line 618: / Line 644: @@
 |soilLatVertLPS|| lateral vertical distribution coefficient  || 0 to 10 || 0.5
 |-
-|soilMaxPerc|| maximum percolation rate to groundwater  || 0 to 100 || 10
+|soilMaxPerc (mm)|| maximum percolation rate to groundwater  || 0 to 100 || 10
 |-
 |soilConcRD1Flood|| recession coefficient for flood event  || 0 to 10 || 1.3
@@ Line 628: / Line 654: @@
 |soilConcRD2|| recession coefficient for Interflow  || 0 to 10 || 3
 |-
 |}
+The calibration parameters of the soil water module in the JAMS builder is provided in the figure below:
+[[File:Soilwater.png| soilwater ]]
 The soil module is the most complex part of the J2000 hydrological model which reflects the central role of the soil zone as a regulation and distribution system. The input for the soil module is snowmelt and precipitation in the form of rain. The middle pore storage (MPS) and large pore storage (LPS) represents the water holding capacity of the soil. The water in the MPS represents the field capacity in which water is held against gravity but can be subtracted by an active tension eg. plant transpiration. The input to the soil module is first used to fill the MPS and LPS, which determines the current soil moisture. The soil moisture conditions influence the infiltration process. The infiltration capacity of the particular soil is calculated based the actual soil moisture. Besides this, there are three different infiltration parameters (''soilMaxInfSummer'', ''soilMaxInfWinter'' and ''soilMaxInfsnow'') which controls the infiltration during summer, winter and snow cover. In case of the sealed areas, only certain amount of water on the surface is able to infiltrate which is controlled by two parameters (soilImpGT80 and soilImpLT80). The water which is not able to infiltrate is stored at the land surface, as depression storage, up to a certain amount as defined in calibration parameter (''soilMaxDPS'') and any surplus is treated as overland flow (RD1). The infiltrated water is then distributed between the MPS and LPS which is controlled by two calibration parameters (''soilDistMPSLPS'' and ''soilDiffMPSLPS''). The water available in MPS can be reduced by evapotranspiration for which the root depth of the respective land cover in the soil is important. The water is the LPS is distributed between the lateral and vertical components (''soilLatVertLPS''). The lateral flow is responsible for producing interflow from the unsaturated zone (RD2) which can be controlled by ''soilOutLPS''. The vertical flow (percolation) is supplied to groundwater zone (saturated zone) for which the rate of percolation is controlled by ''soilMaxPerc''. The surplus is supplied to the LPS to release as overland flow (RD2). The overland flow and Interflow 2 are controlled by retention coefficient (''soilConcRD1'' and ''soilConcRD2'').
@@ Line 635: / Line 664: @@
 In the case of overland flow, the retention time period may be different during high flow periods due to non-linear behavior of a catchment. For this, new parameters are introduced to represent the non-linear behavior during the monsoon season of the Himalayan region. Therefore, a new parameter (soilConcRD1Flood), as a recession co-efficient for overland flow during high flood peak period, when the volume of overland flow crosses the threshold ''soilConcRD1Floodthreshold'' defined as a calibration parameter.
-Relevancy in modelling
+'''Relevancy in modelling'''
+'''soilMaxDPS''' influences the water stored in depression areas. The higher value of this parameter causes higher amount of water to be stored as depression storage and less water to be available for overland flow.
-The detailed description of the soil water module along with the algorithm as defined in the model source code is provided in Soil Water Module.
+'''soilLinRed''' reduces the amount of evapotranspiration rate. The lower value will reduce the evapotranspiration at a lower rate.
+'''soilMaxInfSummer''', '''soilMaxInfWinter''', and '''soilMaxInfSnow''' influence the maximum infiltration rate into the saturated (soil water) and unsaturated (groundwater) zone. The lower value  of these parameters allow only a part of rainfall and snowmelt to enter into the unsaturated zone (The value 20 means that only 20 mm rainfall and snowmelt is allowed to go through the soil water module per time step). In such cases, overland flow would be higher as the most of the input drains as surface runoff. It is considered that the ''soilMaxInfSummer'' is slightly lower than winter because the soil is more saturated during the rainy-summer period. The ''soilMaxInfSnow'' is considered lowest among the three because of the frozen soil condition in the snow-occurring environment.
+The parameter '''soilImpGT80''' is activated if the land cover impermeability is high as defined in the permeability of the land cover (sealedgrade) (such as urbanized areas) in the land-cover parameter file. The values in the sealedgrade act as a threshold for activation of the parameters '''soilImpGT80''' or '''soilImpLT80'''. The lower value of these parameters indicates that the lower amount of inflow will be able to infiltrate and rest flow as overland flow.
+'''soilDistMPSLPS''' and '''soilDiffMPSLPS''' are mainly responsible for distribution and diffusion of water between the MPS and LPS. They are less sensitive parameters and have minor role in interflow. The lower value of these parameters will allocate slightly less inflow to the MPS.
+'''soilOutLPS''' influences the Interflow 2 (RD2) component. The lower value will allocate more water to be outflowed from LPS and thereby increasing the RD2 component.
+'''soilLatVertLPS''' is one of the very sensitive parameters in the soil water module. It distributes the inflow (after the infiltration) between vertical (interflow 1) and percolation. The higher value will allocate higher amount of inflow to the Interflow 2 (and less inflow  to be percolated to the groundwater). The higher value will increase in Interflow 2 component and at the same time, the groundwater contribution (RG1 and RG2) will be reduced.
+'''soilMaxPerc''' controls the percolation rate to the groundwater per time step. The higher (eg. 20) value indicates that maximum 20 mm equivalent water is allowed to go to the groundwater. The higher value will increase the groundwater contribution (RG1 and RG2) and at the same time decrease RD2 component at a higher magnitude. This also decrease the RD1 but to a lesser extent.
+'''soilConcRD1''' and '''soilConcRD2''' are recession coefficient for overland flow (RD1) and Interflow 1 (RD2) and are one of the sensitive parameters in the module. The value represents the retention time (per time step) for overland flow. The higher value indicates that the retention period is high and therefore, less water is flowed as overland flow. Principally, the retention period for RD1 should be less than the RD2.
+'''soilConcRD1Flood''' parameter is implemented in the standard J2000 hydrological model to replicate the runoff behavior especially during the high flood period in the monsoon dominated Himalayan region. This parameter is only activated when the input for overland flow crosses the parameter '''soilConcRD1FloodThreshold''' defined by users. In principal, the value of '''soilConcRD1Flood''' should be less than '''soilConcRD1''' as the retention time of the overland flow is less during the high flood time.
+The detailed description of the soil water module along with the algorithm as defined in the model source code is provided in [http://ilms.uni-jena.de/ilmswiki/index.php/J2000_modules_in_detail#Soil_water_module Soil Water Module].
+===Groundwater module===
+'''Calibration parameters'''
+{| class="wikitable" border="1"| style="text-align:right;
+|-
+! scope="col" | Parameters (units)
+! scope="col" | Description
+! scope="col" | Global range
+! scope="col" | For the Dudh Kosi model
+|-
+|gwRG1RG2dist|| RG1-RG2 distribution coefficient|| 0 to 10 || 2.1
+|-
+|gwRG1Fact|| adaptation for RG1 flow  || 0 to 10 || 0.3
+|-
+|gwRG2Fact||adaptation for RG2 flow || 0 to 10 || 0.5
+|-
+|gwCapRise|| capillary rise coefficient || 0 to 10 || 0.01
+|-
+|}
+The calibration parameters of the groundwater module in the JAMS builder is provided in the figure below:
+[[File:Groundwater module.png| Groundwater ]]
+The groundwater module receives input from unsaturated soil zone (soil water module) in a two storage compartment of a ground water zone i.e. upper groundwater zone (RG1) and lower grounwater zone (RG2). The input is then between these two zones in which the distribution of input is carried out by the calibration parameter '''gwRG1RG2dist'''. The water discharge from the upper and lower storage areas (RG1 and RG2) is carried out according to the current storage amount in the form of a linear function, using the storage retention co-efficient for two storages '''gwRG1Fact''' and '''gwRG2Fact'''. There is also a possibility that the water from groundwater is transfered soil water zone through capillary rise with the parameter '''gwCapRise'''.
+'''Relevancy in modelling'''
+'''gwRG1RG2dist''' distributes input water to RG1 and RG2. The higher value of this parameter increase the proportion of input water to the RG2 zone.
+'''gwRG1Fact''' and '''gwRG2Fact''' influences the outflow from RG1 and RG2 storage. The parameter values represent the retention time in those stroage. The higher value will lead to less outflow and more water remains in the storage.
+'''gwCapRise''' influece the distribution of water between soil water and ground water module. The higher value will flow a higher amount of water from groundwater to soil water zone.
+The detailed description of the groundwater module along with the algorithm as defined in the model source code is provided in [http://ilms.uni-jena.de/ilmswiki/index.php/J2000_modules_in_detail#Groundwater_module Groundwater Module].
 ===Routing module===
+'''Calibration parameters'''
+{| class="wikitable" border="1"| style="text-align:right;
+|-
+! scope="col" | Parameters
+! scope="col" | Description
+! scope="col" | Global range
+! scope="col" | For the Dudh Kosi model
+|-
+|flowRouteTA|| calibration parameter for adapting velocity of flow waves|| 0 to 10 || 1.3
+|-
+|}
+The calibration parameters of the reach routing module in the JAMS builder is provided in the figure below:
+[[File:FlowRouteTA.png | flow route]]
+The J2000 hydrological model has two routing components. The '''lateral routing''' serves to simulate lateral flow processes in the catchment area from one model entity (HRU) to the next until the water is finally reaches to a reach. The '''reach routing''' describes flow processes in a stream channel by using the commonly applied kinematic wave approach and the calculation of velocity according to Manning and Strickler (Krause, 2001).
+'''Relevancy in modelling'''
+'''flowRouteTA''' influences the run time of runoff waves in the stream channel. The higher value increases the velocity of runoff waves and more water flows from the channel.
+The detailed description of the routing module along with the algorithm as defined in the model source code is provided in [http://ilms.uni-jena.de/ilmswiki/index.php/J2000_modules_in_detail#Reach_routing_module Routing module].
+= Model calibration =
+In order to apply hydrological models successfully it is necessary to define model parameters accurately. A direct measurement of the parameters is mostly not possible, too expensive or there is no clear physical relation. For those reasons the parameters are adjusted in a trial and error process in so far that the simulated factors (e.g. runoff) correspond best to the values measured. This task can be time-consuming and difficult if the corresponding model is complex or has a large number of parameters.
+The J2000 model provides platform for offline and online calibration process. The offline calibration is carried within the JAMS framework, whereas in the online calibration, the model files and necessary parameters are defined in the web based calibration tools called 'OPTAS'. Then, the calibration is carried out in the server of the University and results can be downloaded. The latter is efficient and less time consuming as the calculation are carried out in server without making the local computers busy.
+The detailed information about the model calirbation are provided in [http://ilms.uni-jena.de/ilmswiki/index.php/Tutorial_Calibration Model calibration]
+<span style="color:red;">Important Note:The model parameters, the specific values including the parameter ranges of the Dudh Kosi model are explained earlier in each modules. These parameter values were defined by combination of 'trail-and-error' and using automatic or numerical parameter optimization methods. Moreover, the sensitivity and uncertainty analyses were also carried out in the Dudh Kosi river basin. The description of these methods and process are described in Nepal (2012).
+=Setting up a new model=
+To set up the J2000 hydrological model for a new catchment requires two important steps. First, prepare the model parameter files and input data as explained in the [http://ilms.uni-jena.de/ilmswiki/index.php/Tutorials_Data_Himalaya#Dataset_preparation previous sections]. Second, set up a new model xml file which controls the input and output variables based on the input data. The model xml file could be different in different model applications, as driven by input data and different modules used to calculate hydrological processes. (for example: the data requirement for estimating potential evapotranspiration using the Hargreave-Salami method is different than the Penmann-Monteith approach, and therefore, the model xml set up is also different.
+It is recommended to use the existing model xml files as a basis to set up a new model which has been provided in the earlier sections. If the catchment has glaciers, users can use the model xml of the Dudh Kosi river basin. Other than glaciers, users can use the model xml file of the Gelberg catchment which is provided while downloading JAMS software as a test dataset. These model xml files can be further changed based on the data requirements and preferences of the users.
+In addition, users need to take into account few specific characteristics of the new catchment in the model xml file.
+. The geographical coordinates of the study area in UTM has to be defined in 'CalcLatLong' component to estimate 'slope aspect correction factor' as shown in figure below.
+[[File:Modelsetup3.png |800x800px| geographical location]]
+. The geographical coordinates of the study area has to be defined in 'Calculate extra terrestrial radiation(ExtRad)' component based on the latitude and longitude. This can be done by editing the information in JAMS builder as shown in the figure below:
+[[File:Modelsetup1.png |800x800px| geographical location]]
+Alternatively, the information can be changed directly from JAMS laucher.
+[[File:Modelsetup2.png |600x600px| geographical location]]
+Please do not forget to save the new information.
+. The J2000 modelling sytem is quite flexible in terms of using different components based on the data availability. In the test dataset provided in this tutorial, for temperature regionalization, the data from one station is used and regionalized by summer and winter using lapse rates. But, if users have more than 3 stations data, they can use Inverse Distance Weightings (IDW) also. For this, users need to replace the the Lapse rate module by the IDW regionalization module. Both these modules are provided in two different xmls above.
+Similarly, to estimate evapotranspiration using Penmann Monteith, users need many data such as: relative humidity, wind and sunshine hour. These data might not be available in many areas. In such cases, alternative module for evapotranspiration named 'Hargreaves' can be used in the model.
+Users need to be careful that while changing modules in the standard xml files provided here (Dudh Kosi and Gelberg), the requirements of the data also change. Because of this, some modules might not be required in the new model set up. For example, if Hargreves-salami method is used, the data reader component and regionalization component for relative humidity, wind and sunshine hour is not required. In such cases, these modules need to be deactivated.
+. The location of workspace directory and some data file has to be defined after launching the model xml file as shown in the figure below.
+[[File:Modelsetup4.png |600x600px| geographical location]]
+The model xml file is opend using JAMS builder or JAMS launcher [File-->Load Model].
+'''Workspace directory:''' The location of workspace directory in the local machine.
+'''Time Interval:''' The time period in which the model is run.
+'''Parameter file:''' The location of HRU and Reach parameter file.
+'''Efficiency:''' Users can give the different time period for efficiency estimation.
+<span style="color:red;">Important Note: The J2000 model was successfully appllied in the Dudh Kosi river basin as a part of a PhD research. The calibrated and validated J2000 hydrological model was further used to assess the impact of land-use change on hydrological regime. Two hypothetical land-use change scenarios were implemented and the land-use information of the HRU parameter file was changed accordingly to quantity the impact of land-use change on different hydrological processes. Moreover, the impact of climate change on hydrological regime was also analysed by using the regional climate model data in the Dudh Kosi river basin. The description of these analyses are provided in Nepal (2012).
+=Discussion Forum=
+It is likely that while using the model and tutorial, users might encoutner probelms and error messages. In such cases, users are advised to contact the ILMS discussion forum from where the model users and developer communities can be reached.
+'''Integrated Land Management System (ILMS) Discussion Forum''':
+http://ilms.uni-jena.de/ilms/board/index.php?sid=f545b1932d03a6781393eea0fed040e3
+The ILMS discussion forum is designed to discuss the various components of ILMS software. For the ILMS Model, the following forum is allocated:
+http://ilms.uni-jena.de/ilms/board/viewforum.php?f=6
+Users need to register in the ILMS forum [http://ilms.uni-jena.de/ilms/board/ucp.php?mode=register Register here] to post a new querry and also to follow the postings.
+=Bibliography and Further Reading=
+Acharya, K. P., Dangi, R. B., 2009. Case studies on measuring and assessing forest degradation, Forest degradation in Nepal, review of data and methods, Forest Resources Assessment Working Paper 163. Tech. rep., FAO, Italy.
+Adhikaree, K., 2010. Socio-technical assessment of payment for environmental services (PES) scheme: A case study of Kulekhani watershed, Nepal. Master’s thesis, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institue of Techonology (AIT), Thailand.
+Ageta, Y., 1976. Characteristics of precipitation during monsoon season in Khumbu Himal. Seppyo, 38 (Special Issue), 84–88.
+Akhtar, M., Ahmad, N., Booij, M. J., 2008. The impact of climate change on the water resources of Hindukush-Karakorum-Himalaya region under different glacier coverage scenarios. Journal of Hydrology 355 (1-4), 148–163.
+Akhtar, M., Ahmad, N., Booij, M. J., 2009. Use of reginal climate model simulations as input for hydrological models for the Hindukush-Karakorum-Himalaya region. Hydrological Earth System Sciences 13, 1075–1089.
+Alcamo, J., 1994. Integrated modeling of global climate change. Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht, Boston.
+Alford, D., 1992. Hydrological aspects of the Himalaya region. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Kathmandu Nepal.
+Alford, D., Armstrong, R., 2010. The role of glaciers in stream ﬂow from the Nepal Himalaya. The Cryosphere Discussions 4 (2), 469–494.
+Allamano, P., Claps, P., 2010. Precipitation measurement errors at high-elevation sites in the Italian Alps. EGU General Assembly 2010, held 2-7 May, 2010 in Vienna, Austria, p. 11287, p. 11287.
+Allen, R. G., Pereira, L., Raes, D., Smith, M., 1998. Crop evapotranspiration: Guidelines for computing crop water requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56, FAO, Rome.
+Anderson, M. G., Burt, T. P., 1985. Modelling strategies. In: Anderson, M. G. and Burt, T. P. (Eds.) Hydrological Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
+Andreaassian, V., 2004. Waters and forests: from historical controversy to scientiﬁc debate. Journal of Hydrology 291, 1–27.
+Armstrong, R. L., 2011. The glaciers of the Hindu Kush Himalaya region, a summary of the science regarding glacier melt/retreat in the Himalayan, Hindu Kush, Karakoram, Pamir, and Tien Shan mountain ranges. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD). Kathmandu, Nepal.
+Arnell, N. W., 1999a. Climate change and global water resources. Global Environmental Change 9, S31–S49.
+Arnell, N. W., 1999b. The effect of climate change on hydrological regimes in Europe: a continental perspective. Global Environmental Change 9, 5–23.
+Arnold, J. G., Allen, P. M., Bernhardt, G., 1993. A comprehensive Surface-groundwater Flow Model. Journal of hydrology 142, 47–69.
+Awasthi, K. D., Sitaula, B. K., Singh, B. R., Bajacharaya, R. M., 2002. Land-use change in two Nepalese watersheds: GIS and geomorphometric analysis. Land Degradation & Development 13 (6), 495–513.
+Aziz, O. I. A., Burn, D. H., 2006. Trends and variability in the hydrological regime of the Mackenzie River Basin. Journal of Hydrology 319 (1-4), 282–294.
+Baese, F., 2005. Beurteilung der Parametersensitivität und der Vorhersageunsicherheit am Beispiel des hydrologischen Modells J2000. Master’s thesis, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena.
+Bajracharya, S. R., Mool, P., 2009. Glaciers, glacial lakes and glacial lake outburst ﬂoods in the Mount Everest region. Annals of Glaciology 50 (53), 81–86.
+Bajracharya, S. R., Mool, P., Shrestha, B., 2007. Impact of Climate Change on Himalayan Glaciers and Glacial Lakes: Case Studies on GLOF and Associated Hazards in Nepal and Bhutan. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Kathmandu.
+Bandara, C., Kuruppuarachchi, T., 1988. Land-use change and hydrological trends in the upper Mahaweli basin. In: Workshop on Hydrology of Natural and Man-made forests in the Hill-Country of Sri Lanka.
+Bandyopadhyay, J., Gyawali, D., 1994. Himalayan Water Resources: Ecological and Political Aspects of Management. Mountain Research and Development 14 (1), 1–24.
+Barnett, T. P., Adam, J. C., Lettenmaier, D. P., 2005. Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions. Nature 438, 303–309.
+Barros, A. P., Lettenmaier, D. P., 1994. Dynamic modeling of orographically induced precipitation. Reviews of Geophysics 32, 265–284.
+Bates, B. C., Kundzewicz, Z. W., Wu, S., Palutikof, J. P. E., 2008. Climate Change and Water. Technical Paper of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Tech. rep., IPCC Secretariat, Geneva, 210 pp.
+Baumgartner, A., Liebscher, H. J., 1990. Allgemeine Hydrologie -Quantitative Hydrologie. Lehrbuch der Hydrologie, Band 1. Gebrüder Bornträger Verlag. Stuttgart.
+Bende-Michl, U., Krause, P., Kralisch, S., Fink, M., Flügel, W.-A., 2006. Current development and application of the modular Java based model JAMS to meet the targets of the EU-WFD in Germany. In: Voinov, A. and Jakeman, A. and Rizzoli, A. (Eds). Proceedings of the iEMSs Third Biennial Meeting: ’Summit on Environmental Modelling and Software’. International Environmental Modelling and Software Society, Burlington, USA, 2006.
+Bergstroem, S., 1976. Development and Application of a conceptual runoff model fro Scandinavian catchment. Report Rho 7. Tech. rep., Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Norrkoping, Sweden.
+Bergstroem, S., Carlsson, B., Gardelin, M., Lindstrom, G., Pettersson, A., Rummukainen, M., 2001. Climate change impacts on runoff in Sweden -assessments by global climate models, dynamical downscaling and hydrological modeling. Climate Research 16 (2), 101–112.
+Bertle, F. A., 1966. Effects of Snow compaction on runoff from rain and snow. Bureau of Reclamation, Engineering Monograph No. 35, Washington.
+Beven, K., 2001a. Rainfall-Runoff Modelling: The Primer. John Wiley & Sons, Chicester.
+Beven, K., Binley, A. M., 1992. The future of distributed models: model calibration and uncertainty prediction. Hydrological Processes 6, 279– 298.
+Beven, K., Freer, J., 2001. Equiﬁnality, data assimilation, and data uncertainty estimation in mechanistic modelling of complex environmental systems using the GLUE methodology. Journal of Hydrology 249, 11–29.
+Beven, K. J., 2001b. How far can we go in distributed hydrological modelling? Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 5(1), 1–12.
+Bhattarai, D., 2009. Multi-purpose projects. In Pun, S. B. and Dhungel, D. N. (Eds). The Nepal-India water relationship: challenges. Springer, Netherland.
+Bicheron, P., Defourny, P., Brockmann, C., Schouten, L., Vancutsem, C., Huc, M., Bontemps, S., Leroy, M., Achard, F., Herold, M., Ranera, F., Arino, O., 2008. GLOBCOVER: Products Description and Validation. Tech. rep., European Space Agency (ESA).
+Bicknell, B. R., Imhoff, J. C., Donigian, A. S., Johanson, R. C., 1997. Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF), User’s Manual For Release 11. EPA-600/R-97/080. Tech. rep., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA.
+Biswas, A. K., 1992. The Aswan High Dam revisited. Ecodecision, 67–69.
+Blaikie, P. M., Muldavin, J. S. S., 2004. Upstream, Downstream, China, India: The Politics of Environment in the Himalayan Region. Annals of the Association of American Geographer 94 (3), 520–548.
+Bongartz, K., 2003. Applying different spatial distribution and modelling concept in three nested mesoscale catchments of Germany. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 28, 1343–1349.
+Bosch, J. M., Hewlett, J. D., 1982. A review of catchment experiments to determine the effect of vegetation changes on water yield and evapotranspiration. Journal of Hydrology 55, 3–23.
+Braun, L. N., July 1986. Simulation of snowmelt runoff in lowland and lower Alpine regions of Switzerland. In: Modelling Snowmlet-Induced processes. Proceedings of the Budapest Symposium. pp. 125–140.
+Bronstert, A., Niehoff, D., Bürger, G., 2002. Effects of climate and land-use change on storm runoff generation: present knowledge and modelling capabilities. Hydrological Processes 16, 509–529.
+Brooks, K. N., Folliott, P. F., Gregersen, H. M., Thames, J. L., 1991. Hydrology and the management of watersheds. Iowa State University Press, Iowa.
+Bruijnzeel, L. A., 1990. Hydrology of moist tropical forests and effects of conversion: A state-ofknowledge review. UNESCO International Hydrological Programme., Paris.
+Bruijnzeel, L. A., 2004. Hydrological functions of tropical forests: not seeing the soil for the trees? Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 104, 185–228.
+Bruijnzeel, L. A., Bremmer, C. N., 1989. Highland Lowland Interaction in the Ganges Brahmaputra River Basin -A Review of Published Literature. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, (ICIMOD), Kathmandu.
+Butle, E., Lipper, L., Stringer, R., Zilberman, D., 2008. Payments for ecosystem services and poverty reduction: concepts, issues, and empirical perspectives. Economic and Development Economics 13, 245–254.
+Calder, I., Hall, R., Bastable, H., Gunston, H., Shela, O., Chirwa, A., Kafundu, R., 1995. The impact of land use change on water resources in sub-Saharan Africa: a modelling study of Lake Malawi. Journal of Hydrology 170 (1-4), 123–135.
+Carson, B., 1985. Erosion and Sedimentation Processes in the Nepalese Himalaya. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Occasional Paper No. 1., Kathmandu.
+CBS, 2001. National Population Census 2001 -Nepal, Tenth Census. Central Bureau of Statistics, Government of Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal.
+Chang, H., 2004. Water Quality Impacts of Climate Change and Land-Use Changes in Southeastern Pennsylvania. The Professional Geographer 56, 240–257.
+Chang, H., Franczyk, J., 2008. Climate Change, Land-Use Change, and Floods: Toward an Integrated Assessment. Geography Compass 2 (5), 1549–1579.
+Chapra, S. C., Pelletier, G. J., 2003. Qual2k: A modeling framework for simulating river and stream water quality (beta version): Documentation and users manual. Tech. rep., Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., Tufts University.
+Chen, H., Shao, M., Wang, K., 2005. Water cycling characteristics of grassland and bare land soils on Loess Plateau. Chinese. Journal of applied ecology 16(10), 1853–1857.
+Chen, J., Y, Z., Zhu, Y., Yang, C., 2011. Relationship between land use and evapotranspiration-A case study of the Wudaogou Area in Huaihe River basin. Procedia Environmental Sciences 10, 491–498.
+Chiew, F. H. S., McMahon, T. A., 2002. Modelling the impacts of climate change on Australian streamﬂow. Hydrological processes 16, 1235–1245.
+Chiew, F. H. S., Whetton, P. H., McMahon, T. A., Pittock, A. B., 1995. Simulation of the impacts of climate change on runoff and soil moisture in Australian Catchments. Journal of Hydrology 167, 121–147.
+Christensen, N. S., Wood, A. W., Lettenmaier, D. P., Palmer, R. N., 2004. Effects of Climate Change on the Hydrology and Water Resources of the Colorado River Basin. Climate Change 62, 337–363.
+Costa, M. H., Botta, A., Cardile, J. A., 2003. Effects of large-scale changes in land cover on the discharge of the Tocantins River, Southeasterne Amazonia. Journal of Hydrology 283, 206–217.
+Crosetto, M., Tarantola, S., 2001. Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis: tools for GIS-based model implementation. International Journal of Geographica l Information Science 15 (5), 415–437.
+Cruz, R. V., Harasawa, H., Lal, M., Wu, S., Anokhin, Y., Punsalmaa, B., Honda, Y., Jafari, M., Li, C., N., H., 2007. Asia. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds. Cambridge University Press, , Cambridge, UK.
+Cunderlik, J. M., Simonovic, S. P., 2003. Assessment of water resources risk and vulnerability to changing climatic conditions: Hydrologic model selection for the cfcas project. Report No. I. Tech. rep., The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
+Dahal, R. K., 2006. Geology for Technical Students. Bhrikuti Academic Publications, Kathmandu, Nepal.
+Dahal, R. K., Hasegawa, S., 2008. Representative rainfall thresholds for landslides in the Nepal Himalaya. Geomorphology 100 (3-4), 429–443.
+Daniel, E. B., Camp, J. V., LeBoeuf, E. J., Penrod, J. R., Dobbins, J. P., Abkowitz, M. D., 2011. Watershed Modeling and its Applications: A State-of-the-Art Review. Open Hydrology Journal 5, 26–50.
+DeCoursey, D. G., Shaake, J. J. C., Seely, E. H., 1982. Stochastic models in hydrology. In: Haan,
+C. T. Johnson, H. P. and Brakensiek, D. L. Hydrologic modeling of small watersheds. American Society of Agricultural Engineers: St Joseph, Michigan, pp. 19–78.
+Defourny, P., Vancutsem, C., Bicheron, C., Brockmann, C., Nino, F., Schouten, L., Leroy, M., 2006. GLOBCOVER : A 300 M Global Land Cover Product For 2005 Using ENVISAT MERIS Time Series. ISPRS Commission VII Mid-term Symposium "Remote Sensing: From Pixels to Processes", Enschede, the Netherlands, 8-11 May 2006.
+DeFries, R., Eshleman, K. N., 2004. Land-use change and hydrologic processes: a major focus for the future. Hydrological Processes 18 (11), 2183–2186.
+DFRS, 1999. Forest Resources of Nepal (1978-1998), Publication No. 74. Tech. rep., Department of Forest Research and Survey, Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, Government of Nepal,.
+Dhar, O. . N., Rakhecha, P. R., 1981. The effect of elevation on monsoon rainfall distribution in the Central Himalayas. In: International Symposium on Monsoon Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, pp. 253-260.
+Dhungel, D. N., 2009. Historical Eye view. In Pun, S. B. and Dhungel, D. N. (Eds) The Nepal-India water relationship: challenges. Springer, Netherland.
+Dickinson, R. E., 1984. Modelling evapotranspiration for three-dimensional global climate models. In: Climate Processes and Climate Sensitivity Geophysical Monograph, Hansen, J. E. Takahasi, T. (Eds.), Series 29, Washington.
+Dixit, A., 2009. Kosi Embankment Breach in Nepal: Need for a paradigm shift in responding to ﬂoods. Economic & Political weekly 44 (6), 70–78.
+Douglass, J. E., Swank, W. T., 1975. Effects of management practices on water quality and quantity: Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, North Carolina. In: Municipal Watershed Management Symposium, USDA Forest Service Technical Repport. NE-13, Upper Darby, pp. 1-13, Upper Darby PA, USA.
+Dyck, S., Peschke, G., 1995. Grundlagen der Hydrologie. Verlag für Bauwesen. Berlin.
+Dyurgerov, M. B., Meier, M. F., 2000. Twentieth century climate change: evidence from small glaciers. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Vol. 97 (4). pp. pp 1406–1411.
+Dyurgerov, M. D., Meier, M. F., 2005. Glaciers and Changing Earth System: A 2004 Snapshot, Boulder (Colorado). Tech. rep., Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado.
+Eckholm, E., 1976. Losing Ground: Environmental Stress and World Food Prospects. W.W. Norton & Co., New York.
+Efstratiadis, A., Nalbantis, I., Koukouvinos, A., Rozos, E., Koutsoyiannis, D., 2007. HYDROGEIOS: A semi distributed GIS-based hydrological model for disturbed river basins. Hydrol Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss 4, 1947–1998.
+Eriksson, M., Jianchu, X., Shrestha, A. B., Vaidya, R. A., Nepal, S., Sandström, K., 2009. The Changing Himalayas Impact of climate change on water resources and livelihoods in the greater Himalaya. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD). Kathmandu.
+Eschner, A. R., Satterlund, D. R., 1966. Forest protection and streamﬂow from an Adirondack watershed. Water Resources Research 24, 765–783.
+Falkenmark, M., Lundqvist, J., 1999. Towards upstream/downstream hydrosolidarity. In: Towards upstream/downstream hydrosolidarity. Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI).
+FAO, 1995. Global and Natiional Soils and Terrain Digital Databases (SOTER). Tech. rep., Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
+FAO, 2006. World reference base for soil resources 2006. A framework for international classiﬁcation, correlation and communication. Tech. rep., Food and Agriculture organization of the United Nations, Rome.
+FAO, CIFOR, 2005. Forests and Floods: Drowning in Fiction or Thriving in Facts? UN Food and Agriculture Organization and Center for International Forestry Research, Bangkok, Thailand.
+Fink, M., Krause, P., Kralisch, S., Bende-Michl, U., , Flügel, W.-A., 2007. Development and Application of the Modelling System J2000-S for the EU-Water Framework directive. Advances in Geosciences 11, 123–130.
+Fischer, C., Kralisch, S., Flügel, W.-A., 2012. An integrated, fast and easily useable software toolbox which allows comparative and complementary application of various parameter sensitivity analysis methods. In: Managing Resources of a Limited Planet, Sixth Biennial Meeting, Leipzig, Germany
+R. Seppelt, A. A. Voinov, S. Lange, D. Bankamp (Eds.). International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software, 2012.
+Fish, I. L., Lawrence, P., Atkinson, E., 1986. Sedimentation in the Chatara Canal, Nepal. Tech. rep., Hydraulics Research Wallingford.
+FISRG, 1998. Stream corridor restoration: principles, processes, and practices. Vol. 2. Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group (FISRG).
+Flügel, W.-A., 1995. Delineating Hydrological Units (HRU’s) by GIS analysis for regional hydrological modelling using PRMS/MMS in the drainage basin of the River Broel, Germany. Hydrological Processes 9, 423–436.
+Flügel, W.-A., 2007. The Adaptive Integrated Data Information System (AIDIS) for Global Water Research. Water Resources Management 21(1), 199–210.
+Flügel, W.-A., 2009. Applied Geoinformatics for sustainable IWRM and climate change impact analysis. Technology, Resource Management and Development 6, 57–85.
+Flügel, W.-A., 2011. Development of adaptive IWRM options for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Advances in Science and Research 7, 91–100.
+Flügel, W.-A., Müchen, B., Hochschild, V., Steinocher, K., 2001. ARSGISIP, A European Project on the application of remote sensing techniques for the parameterization of Hydrological, Erosion and Solute Transport Models. IAHS-Publication, Remote Sensing and Hydrology 267, 563–568.
+Fox, A. M., 2003. A distributed, physically based snow melt and runoff model for alpine glaciers. Ph.D. thesis, St Catherine’s College, Cambridge University.
+Fujji, Y., Higuchu, K., 1977. Statistical analysis of the forms of glaciers in Khumbu region. Journal of Japanese Society of Snow Ice (Seppyo) 39, 7–14.
+Gardner, R., Gerrard, A. J., 2003. Runoff and soil erosion on cultivated rainfed terraces in the Middle Hills of Nepal. Applied Geography 23 (1), 23–45.
+Gautam, A. P., Webb, E. L., Shivakoti, G. P., Zoebisch, M. A., 2003. Land use dynamics and landscape change pattern in a mountain watershed in Nepal. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 99, 83–96.
+Gemmer, M., Becker, S., Jiang, T., 2004. Observed monthly precipitation trends in China 1951-2002. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 77 (1-2), 39–45.
+Gerrits, M., 2010. The role of interception in the hydrological cycle. Ph.D. thesis, Delft University of Technology, Netherland.
+Gilmour, D. A., 1977. Effect of logging and clearing on water yield and water quality in a high rainfall zone of north-east Queensland. In: The Hydrology of Northern Australia. Institution of Engineers, Australia, National Conference Publ. No. 77/5: 156-160.
+Gilmour, D. A., Bonell, M., Cassells, D. S., 1987. The effects of forestation on soil hydraulic properties in the Middle Hills of Nepal: a preliminary assessment. Mountain Research and Development 7, 239–249.
+Gitay, H., Noble, I. R., Pilifosova, O., Alijani, B., Safriel, U. N., 1998. The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerabilityy. Watson R.T., Zinyowera M.C., Moss R.H. and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Working Group II (Eds.). Cambridge University Pressy, Cambridge, UK, Ch. Middle East and Arid Asia, pp. 233–250.
+Gleick, P. H., 1989. Climate change and hydrology and water resources. Review of Geophysics 27, 329–344.
+Gole, C. V., Chitale, S. V., 1966. Inland delta building activity of Kosi river. Journal of Hydraulic division, ASCE 91, 111–126.
+Golf, W., 1981. Ermittlung der Wasserressource im Mittelgebirge. Wasserwirtschaft-Wassertechnik 31, 93–95.
+Gordon, C., Cooper, C., Senior, C. A., Banks, H., Gregory, J. M., Johns, T. C., Mitchell, J., Wood,
+R. A., 2000. The simulation of SST, sea ice extents and ocean heat transports in a version of the Hadley Centre coupled model without fux adjustments. Climate Dynamics 16, 147–168.
+Gosain, A. K., Sandhya, R., Debajit, B., 2006. Climate change impact assessment on hydrology of Indian river basins Special Section: Climate Change and India. Current Science 90(3), 346–353.
+Gupta, H., Beven, K. J. Wagener, T., 2005. Model Calibration and Uncertainty Estimation. In M. G. Anderson, Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, New York.
+Gurtz, J., Baltensweiler, A., Lang, H., 1999. Spatially distributed hydrotope-based modelling of evapotranspiration and runoff in mountainous basins. Hydrological Processes 13, 2751–2768.
+GWP, 2000. Integrated Water Resources Management, Technical Advisory Committee (TEC) 4. Global Water Partership (GWP).
+GWP, IBNO, 2009. A Handbook for Intetrated Water Resources Management in Basins. Tech. rep., Global Water Partnership (GWP) and International Network of Basin Organizations (INBO), 104
+p.
+Gyawali, D., Dixit, A., 1999. Rethinking the Mosaic, Investigations into Local Water Management. Nepal Water Conservation Foundation, Kathmandu, Ch. Fractured Institutions and Physical Interdependence Challenges to Local Water Management in the Tinau River Basin, Nepal, pp. 371–33.
+Hagemann, S., Chen, C., Haerter, J. O., 2011. Impact of a Statistical Bias Correction on the Projected Hydrological Changes Obtained from Three GCMs and Two Hydrology Models. Journal of Hydrometeorology 12, 556–578.
+Hamed, K. H., 2008. Trend detection in hydrologic data: The Mann-Kendall trend test under the scaling hypothesis. Journal of Hydrology 349 (3-4), 350–363.
+Hamilton, L. S., King, P. N., 1983. Tropical forested watersheds: hydrologic and soils response to major uses or conversions. Westview Press, Colorado.
+Hamilton, L. S., Pearce, A. J., 1987. What are the Soil and Water Beneﬁts of Planting Trees in Developing Country Watershed? In: Sotygate, D.D. ad Sisinger, J. (Ed.), Sustainable Development of Natural Resources in the Third World.). Westview Press, Boulder CO, USA, pp. pp. 39–58.
+Hamlet, A. F., Lettenmaier, D. P., 1999. Effects of climate change on hydrology and water resources in the Columbia River Basin. Journal of the American water resources association 35 (6), 1597–1623.
+Hauer, F. R., Baron, J. S., Campbell, D. H., Fausch, K. D., Hostetler, S. W., Leavesley, G. H., Leavitt, R. R., McKnight, D. M., Stanford, J. A., 1997. Assessment of climate change and freshwater ecosystems of the Rocky Mountains, US and Canada. Hydrological Processes 11, 903–924.
+Hay, L. E., Clark, M. P., Wilby, R. L., Gutowski, W. J., Leavesley, G. H., Pan, Z., Arritt, R. W., Takle, E. S., 2002. Use of regional climate model output for hydrological simulations. Journal of Hydrometeorology 3, 571–590.
+Helmschrot, J., 2006. An integrated, landscape-based approach to model the formation and hydrological functioning of wetlands in headwater catchments of the Umzimvubu River, South Africa. Ph.D. thesis, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena.
+Helsel, D. R., Hirsch, R. M., 1992. Statistical Methods in Water Resources. Elsevier, New York.
+Helsel, D. R., Hirsch, R. M., 2002. Statistical methods in water resources. Tech. rep., U. S. Geological Survey.
+Herrmann, A., 1976. Einﬂuss des Alpensüdföhns auf die Schneedeckenentwicklung und das nival gesteuerte Abﬂussgeschehen. Polarforschung 46(2), 83–94.
+Herron, N., R., D., R., J., 2002. The effects of large-scale afforestation and climate change on water allocation in the Macquarie River catchment, NSW, Australia. Journal of Environmental Management 65 (4), 369–382.
+Hewitt, K., 2005. The Karakoram anomaly? Glacier expansion and the ’elevation effects’ Karakoram Himalaya. Mountain Research and Development 25(4), 332–340.
+Hibbert, A. R., 1967. Forest treatment effects on water yield. Pergamon, Oxford.
+Higuchi, K., Ageta, Y., Yasunari, T., Inoue, J., 1982. Characteristics of precipitation during the monsoon season in high-mountain areas of the Nepal Himalaya, Hydrological aspects of Alpine and High mountain Areas. In: Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium. IAHS Publication.
+HMG, 2000. State of the Environment Nepal. Tech. rep., Ministry of Population and Environment, His Majesty’s Government, Kathmandu, Nepal.
+Hock, R., 1999. A distributed temperature index ice and snowmelt model including potential direct solar radiation. Journal of Glaciology 45 (149), 101–112.
+Hock, R., 2003. Temperature index melt modelling in mountain areas. Journal of Hydrology 282 (1-4), 104–115.
+Hock, R., 2005. Glacier melt: a review of processes and their modelling. Progress in Physical Geography 29(3), 362–391.
+Hock, R., Jansson, P., Braun, L. N., 2005. Global Change and Mountain Regions (A State of Knowledge Overview),. Springer, Dordrecht, Ch. Modelling the Response of Mountain Glacier Discharge to Climate Warming, pp. 243–252.
+Hornberger, G. M., Spear, R. C., 1981. An approach to the preliminary analysis of environmental systems. Journal of Environmental Management 12, 7–18.
+Immerzeel, W. M., Beek, L. P. H., Bierkens, M. F. P., 2010. Climate Change Will Affect the Asian Water Towers. Journal of Hydrology 328 (5984), 1382–1385.
+Immerzeel, W. M., Beek, L. P. H., Konz, M., Shrestha, A. B., Bierkens, M. F. P., 2012. Hydrological response to climate change in a glacierized catchment in the Himalayas. Climate change 110, 721–
+.
+Impat, P., 1981. Hydrometeorology and sediment data for Phewa Watershed: 1979 data. Phewa Tal Tech. Rep. No. 15. Integrated watershed management project, Dept. of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management, Ministry of Forests, Kathmandu.
+IPCC, 1996. Climate Change 1995. The Science of Climate Change Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
+IPCC, 2000. IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenario: Summary for policy makers. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
+IPCC, 2007. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 976pp.
+ISRC, 2008. Village Development Committee Proﬁle of Nepal. Intensive Study and Research Centre, Kathmandu.
+Ives, J. D., 1989. Deforestation in the Himalayas the cause of increased Flooding in Bangladesh and Northern India? Land Use Policy 6, 187–193.
+Ives, J. D., 2004. The Himalayan Perception: Environmental Change and well being of the mountain people. Routledge, London.
+Ives, J. D., Misserli, B., 1989. The Himalayan Dilemma: Reconciling Development and Conservation. The United Nations University, Routledg, London.
+Jansson, P., Hock, R., Schneider, T., 2003. The concept of glacier storage: a review. Journal of Hydrology 282, 116–129.
+Jayatilaka, C. J., Storm, B., Mudgway, L. B., 1998. Simulation of ﬂow on irrigation bay scale with MIKE-SHE. Journal of Hydrology 208, 108–130.
+Jodha, N. S., 1995. The Nepal middle mountains. In: Regions at Risk: Comparisons of Threatened Environments. United Nations University Press, Tokyo, Japan.
+Jodha, N. S., 1997. Highland -Lowland Linkages. Issues in Mountain Development 97/8. ICIMOD.
+Jodha, N. S., 2000. Poverty Alleviation and Sustainable Development in Mountain Areas: Role of Highland-Lowland Links in the Context of Rapid Globalisation. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD).
+Jodha, N. S., 2002. Highland Lowland Linkages in the Globalised World. In: Jodha, N. S., Bhadra, B., Khanal, N. R., Richter, J. (Eds.), Poverty Alleviation in Mountain Areas of China Proceedings of the International Conference held from 11-15 November, 2002, in Chengdu, China.
+Jones, G., Noguer, M., Hassell, D., Hudson, D., Wilson, S., Jenkins, G., Mitchell, J., 2004. Generating High Resolution Climate Change Scenarios Using PRECIS. Tech. rep., Met Ofﬁce Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK, 40pp.
+Karssenberg, D., Burrough, P., 2002. The PCRaster Software and Course Materials for Teaching Numerical Modelling in the Environmental Sciences. Transactions in GIS 5 (2), 99–110.
+Kasperson, J. X., Kasperson, R. E., Turner, B. L. I. e., 1995. Regions at Risk: Comparisons of Threatened Environments. United Nations University Press, Tokyo.
+Kattelmann, R., 1987. Uncertainty in assessing Himalayan water resources. Mountain Research and Development 7 (3), 279–286.
+Kattelmann, R., 1990. Hydrology and development of the Arun River, Nepal, Hydrology in Mountainous Regions. I -Hydrological Measurements; the Water Cycle. In: Proceedings of two Lausanne Symposia, August 1990. IAHS Publ. no. 193.
+Kattelmann, R., 2003. Glacial lake outburst ﬂoods in the Nepal Himalaya: a manageable hazard? Natural Hazards 28, 145–154.
+Kawashima, D. M., Yonemura, S., Yamada, T., Zhang, X., Liu, J., Li, Y., Gu, S., Tang, Y., 2007. Temperature distribution in the high mountain regions on the Tibetan Plateau -Measurement and simulation. In: MODSIM 2007 Land, Water and Environmental Management: Integrated Systems for Sustainability. pp. 2146–2152.
+Kay, A., Jones, R. G., Reynard, N. S., 2006. RCM rainfall for UK ﬂood frequency estimation, I. Method and validation. Journal of Hydrology 318, 151–162.
+Kayastha, R. B., Takeuchi, Y., Nakawo, M., Ageta, Y., 2000. Practical prediction of ice melting beneath various thickness of debris cover on Khumbu Glacier, Nepal, using a positive degree-day factor. IAHS Publication 264, 71–82.
+Kendall, M. G., 1975. Rank Correlation Methods. Charles Grifﬁn.
+Kiersch, B., 2000. Land use impacts on water resources: a literature review, Discussion paper 1, FAO land and water bulletin 9. In: Proceedings of the electronic workshop ’Land-water linkages in rural watersheds’. FAO Land and Water Development Division 18 September-27 October 2000.
+Klemes, V., 1986. Operational testing of hydrological simulation models. Hydrological Sciences Journal 31, 13–24.
+Knauf, D., 1980. Die Berechnung des Abﬂüsses aus einer Schneedecke. Analyse und Berechnung oberirdischer Abﬂusse DVWK-Schriften, Bonn, Heft 46.
+Kochanowski, A., 2009. Reliefbestimmte Analyse der Niederschlagsdynamik im Monsungebiet von Nepal, Himalaya. Master’s thesis, Institutue of Geography, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany.
+Konz, M., Devkota, L., 2009. Manual on Snow and Glacier Melt Runoff Modelling in the Himalayas. Tech. rep., ICIMOD, Kathmandu, Nepal.
+Kosoy, N., Tuna, M. M., Muradian, R., Alier, J. M., 2007. Payments for environmental services in watersheds: Insights from a comparative study of three cases in Central America. Ecological economics 61(2–3), 446–455.
+Kozak, J. A., Ahuja, L. R., Gree, T. R., Ma, L., 2007. Modelling crop canopy and residue rainfall interception effects on soil hydrological components for semi-arid agriculture. Hydrological Processes 21, 229–241.
+Kralisch, S., Krause, P., 2006. JAMS A Framework for Natural Resource Model Development and Application. In: Proceedings of the International Environmental Software Society (IEMSS), Vermont, USA.
+Kralisch, S., Krause, P., Fink, M., Fischer, C., Flügel, W.-A., 2007. Component based environmental modelling using the JAMS framework. In: MODSIM 2007 International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. pp. 812–818, peer reviewed.
+Kralisch, S., Zander, F., Krause, P., 2009. Coupling the RBIS Environmental Information System and
+the JAMS Modelling Framework. In: 18th World IMACS / MODSIM Congress, Cairns, Australia 13-17 July 2009.
+Krause, P., 2001. Das hydrologische Modellsystem J2000: Beschreibung und Anwendung in groen Flueinzugsgebieten, Schriften des Forschungszentrum Jülich. Reihe Umwelt/Environment; Band
+.
+Krause, P., 2002. Quantifying the Impact of Land Use Changes on the Water Balance of Large Catchments using the J2000 Model. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 27, 663–673.
+Krause, P., 2010. Technical documentation of J2000 modelling system, Internal document. Tech. rep., Friedrich Schiller University Jena.
+Krause, P., Bende-Michl, U., Bäse, F., Fink, M., Flügel, W.-A., Pfennig, B., 2006. Multiscale Investigations in a Mesoscale Catchment Hydrological Modelling in the Gera Catchment. Advances in Geosciences 9, 53–61.
+Krause, P., Bende-Michl, U., Fink, M., Helmschrot, J., Kralisch, S., Kuenne, A., 2009. Parameter sensitivity analysis of the JAMS/J2000-S model to improve water and nutrient transport process simulation -a case study for the Duck catchment in Tasmania, 18th World IMACS / MODSIM Congress, Cairns, Australia 13-17 July 2009. pp. 1727–1732.
+Krause, P., Biskop, S., Helmschrot, J., Flügel, W.-A., Kang, S., Gao, T., 2010. Hydrological system analysis and modelling of the Nam Co basin in Tibet. Advance Geoscience 27, 29–36.
+Krause, P., Boyle, D. P., Bäse, F., 2005. Comparison of different efﬁciency criteria for hydrological model assessment. Advances in Geosciences 31, 89–97.
+Krause, P., Hanisch, S., 2004. Prognostic simulation and analysis of the impact of climate change on the hydrological dynamics in Thuringia, Germany. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4 (6), 4037–4067.
+Kripalani, R. H., Oh, J. H., Kulkarni, A., Sabade, S. S., Chaudhari, H. S., 2007. South Asian summer monsoon precipitation variability: Coupled climate model simulations and projections under IPCC AR4. Theoritical Applied Climatology 90, 113–159.
+Krol, M., Jaeger, A., Bronstert, A., Güntner, A., 2006. Integrated modeling of climate, water, soil, agricultural and socio-economic processes: a general introduction of the methodology and some exemplary results from the semi-arid north-east of Brazil. Journal of Hydrology 328, 417–431.
+Kuchment, L. S., Demidov, V. N., Motovolov, Y. G., 1983. Formirovanie rechnogo stok (ﬁzikomatematichestde modeli) (River runoff formation/physically based models) (in Russian). Nauka. Moscow.
+Kumar, K. K., Patwardhan, S. K., Kulkarni, A., Kamala, K., Rao, K. K., Jones, R., 2011. Simulated projections for summer monsoon climate over India by a high-resolution regional climate model (PRECIS). Current Science 101 (3), 312–326.
+Kumar, K. R., Sahai, A. K., Kumar, K. K. Patwardhan, S. K., Mishra, P. K., Revadekar, J. V., Kamala, K., Pant, G. B., 2006. High-resolution climate change scenarios for India for the 21st century. Current Science 90 (3), 334–345.
+Kundewicz, Z. W., Robson, A. J., 2004. Change detection in hydrological records – a review of the methodology. Hydrological sciences 49(1), 1–19.
+Kundzewicz, Z. W., Mata, L. J., Arnell, N. W., Döll, P., Kabat, P., Jiménez, B., Miller, K. A., Oki, T., Sen, Z., Shiklomanov, I. A., 2007. Freshwater resources and their management. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
+Lang, H., 2005. Hydrometeorologische Ergebnisse aus Abﬂussmessungen im Bereich des Hintereisferners (Ötztaler Alpen) in den Jahren 1957 bis 1959. Archiv für Meteorologie Series B, Band 14, 280–302.
+Leavesley, G. H., Lichty, R. W., Troutman, B. M., Saindon, L. G., 1983. Precipitation-RunoffModeling-System, User’s Manual. Tech. rep., Water Resource Investigations Report 83–4238, US Geological Survey.
+Legates, D. R., McCabe, G. J., 1999. Evaluating the use of "goodness-of-ﬁt" Measures in hydrologic and hydroclimatic model validation. Water Resources Research 35 (1), 233–241.
+Legesse, D., Vallet-Coulomb, C., Gasse, F., 2003. Hydrological response of a catchment to climate and land use changes in tropical Africa: case study south central Ethiopia. Journal of Hydrology 275, 67–85.
+Liu, D. P., Chen, S. X., Zhang, J. C., Xie, L., Jiang, J., 2007. Soil inﬁltration characteristics under main vegetation types in Anji County of Zhejiang Province. Chinese. Journal of applied ecology 18 (3), 493–498.
+Liu, X., Chen, B., 2000. Climatic warming in the Tibetan Plateau during recent decades. International Journal of Climatology 20:, 1729–1742.
+Loerup, J. K., Refsgaard, J. C, M. D., 1998. Assessing the effect of land use change on catchment runoff by combined use of statistical tests and hydrological modelling: case studies from Zimbabwe. Journal of Hydrology 205, 147–163.
+Loucks, D. P., Van Beek, E., Stedinger, J. R., Dijkman, J. P. M., Villars, M. T., 2005. Water resources systems planning and management: an introduction to methods, models and applications. Paris: UNESCO.
+Lundin, L., Lode, E., Stendahl, J., Melkerud, P., Bjoerkvald, L., Thorstensson, A., 2004. Soils and site types in the Forsmark area. Tech. rep., SLU, Department of Forest Soils.
+Maniak, U., 1997. Hydrologie und Wasserwirtschaft. Springer Verlag. Berlin.
+Mann, H. B., 1945. Non-parametric tests for against trend. Econometrica 12, 245–249.
+Mattson, L. E., Gardner, J. S., Young, G. J., 1993. Ablation on debris covered glaciers: an example from the Rakhiot glacier, Punjab Himalaya, Snow and glacier hydrology. In: Proceedings of the Kathmandu Symposium, November, 1992.
+McCuen, R., 2005. The role of sensitivity analysis in hydrologic modelling. Journal of Hydrology 18, 37–53.
+Medina, S.and Houze, R. A., Kumar, A., Niyogi, D., 2010. Summer Monsoon convection in the Himalaya region: Terrain and land cover effects. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 136, 593–616.
+Menzel, L., 1996. Modellierung der Evapotranspiration im System Boden-Pﬂanzen-Atmosphäre. Ph.D. thesis, ETH Zürich.
+Middelkoop, H., Daamen, K., Gellens, D., Grabs, W.and Kwadijk, J. C. J., Lang, H., Parmet, B. W.
+A. H., Schädler, B., Schulla, J., Wike, K., 2001. Impact of climate change on hydrological regimes and water resources management in the Rhine basin. Climate Change 49„ 105–128.
+Miller, J. T., Spoolman, S., 2009. Living in the Environment: Principles, Connections, and Solutions. Brooks/Cole Pub Co, Canada.
+Milliman, J. D., Meade, R. H., 1983. World-wide delivery of river sediment to the oceans. The Journal of Geology 91, 1–21.
+Minder, J. R., Mote, P. W., Lundquist, J. D., 2010. Surface temperature lapse rates over complex terrain: Lessons from the Cascade Mountains. Journal of Geophysical Research 115, 1–13.
+Moench, M., 2010. Responding to climate and other change processes in complex contexts: Challenges facing development of adaptive policy frameworks in the Ganga Basin. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 77 (6), 975–986.
+MoFSC, 2002. Forest and Vegetation types of Nepal. Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, Government of Nepal and Natural Resource Management Sector Assistance Programme (NARMSAP), TISC Document Series, No. 105.
+Montanari, A., 2005. Large sample behaviors of the Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) in assessing the uncertainty of rainfall-runoff simulations. Water Resources Research 41, 1–13.
+Mool, P. K., Bajracharya, S. R., Joshi, S. P., 2001a. Inventory of Glaciers, Glacial Lakes, and Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Monitoring and Early Warning Systems in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan Region -Bhutan. ICIMOD, Kathmandu.
+Mool, P. K., Bajracharya, S. R., Joshi, S. P., 2001b. Inventory of Glaciers, Glacial Lakes, and Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Monitoring and Early Warning Systems in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan Region -Nepal. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Kathmandu Nepal.
+Morgan, R., Morgan, D., Finney, H., 1984. A predictive model for the assessment of soil erosion risk. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 30, 245–253.
+Morris, E. M., 1985. Snow and ice. In: Anderson, M. G. and Burt, T. P. (Eds) Hydrological Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
+Narayana, V. V. D., 1987. Downstream Impats of Soil conservation in the Himalaya region. Mountain Research Development 7 (3), 287–298.
+Nash, J. E., Sutcliffe, J. V., 1970. River ﬂow forecasting through conceptual models, Part I -A discussion of principles. Journal of Hydrology 10, 282–290.
+Nepal, S., Adiga, P. B., 2007. Linkages between watershed and irrigation, a case study on management practices of Farmer Managed Irrigation System (FMIS), Argali, Palpa, Nepal. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Seminar on Irrigation in Transition: Interacting with Internal and External Factors and Setting the Strategic Actions, Kathmandu, Nepal.
+Nepal, S., Krause, P., Flügel, W.-A., Fink, M., Pfennig, 2011. Understanding the impact of climate change in the glaciated alpine catchment of the Himalaya Region using the J2000 hydrological model. In: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Building Knowledge Bridges for a Sustainable Water Future, Panama, 2011. pp. 55–60.
+Niehoff, D., Fritsch, U., Bronstert, A., 2002. Land-use impacts on storm-runoff generation: scenarios of land-use change and simulation of hydrological response in a meso-scale catchment in SW-Germany. Journal of Hydrology 267 (1-2), 80–93.
+Nijssen, B., O’Donnell, G. M., Hamlet, A. F., Lettenmaier, D. P., 2001. Hydrologic Sensitivities of Global Rivers to Climate Change. Climate Change 50, 143–175.
+Oestrem, G., 1959. Ice Melting under a Thin Layer of Moraine, and the Existence of Ice Cores in Moraine Ridges. Geograﬁska Annaler 41, 228–230.
+Olaya, V., 2004. A gentle introduction to SAGA GIS. Tech. rep.
+Overpeck, J., Anderson, D., Trumbore, S., Prell, W., 1996. The southwest Indian Monsoon over the last 18000 years. Climate Dynamics, 12, 213–225.
+Pant, D., Thapa, B., Singh, A., Bhattarai, M., Molden, D., 2005. Integrated management of water, forest and land resources in Nepal: Opportunities for improved livelihood. CA Discussion Paper 2. Tech. rep., Colombo, Sri Lanka: Comprehensive Assessment Secretariat.
+Paul, F., Kááb, A., Maisch, M., Kellenberger, T., Haeberli, W., 2004. Rapid disintegration of Alpine glaciers observed with satellite data. Geophysical Research Letters 31, L21402.
+Pauleit, S., Ennos, R., Golding, Y., 2005. Modeling the environmental impacts of urban land use and land cover change-a study in Merseyside, UK. Landscape and Urban Planning 71(2–4), 295–310.
+Pfennig, B., Wolf, M., 2007. Extraction of process-based topographic model units using SRTM elevation data for Prediction in Ungauged Basins (PUB) in different landscapes. MODSIM07 : International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, December 10-13, 2007.
+Prasch, M., 2010. Distributed Process Oriented Modelling of the Future Impact of Glacier MeltWater
+on Runoff in the Lhasa River Basin in Tibet,. Ph.D. thesis, Dissertation der Fakultät für Geowissenschaften der LMU München,.
+Raghunath, H. M., 2006. Hydrology, Principles, Analysis and Design. New Age International (P) Limited, New Delhi, India.
+Rai, S. C., Sharma, E., 1998. Comparative assessment of runoff characteristics under different land use patterns within a Himalayan watershed. Hydrological processes 12„ 2235–2248.
+Ramsay, W. J. H., 1987. Deforestation and erosion in the Nepalese Himalaya -is the link myth or reality? In: Forest Hydrology and watershed management -Proceedings of the Vancouver Symposium, August 1987: IAHS Publication no 167. IAHS.
+Randall, D. A., Wood, R. A., Bony, S., Colman, R., Fichefet, T., Fyfe, J., Kattsov, V., Pitman, A., Shukla, J., Srinivasan, J., Stouffer, R. J., Sumi, A., Taylor, K. E., 2007. Climate Models and their Evaluation. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M.Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
+Refsgaard, J., 2007. Hydrological Modeling and River Basin Management. Phd thesis, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, 90.
+Refsgaard, J. C., 1996. Terminology, modelling protocol and classiﬁcation of hydrological model codes. In: Abbott, M. B. and Refsgaard, J. C. (Eds): Distributed Hydrological Modelling. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
+Refsgaard, J. C., Storm, B., 1996. Construction, calibration and validation of hydrological models. In:
+M. B. Abbott and J. C. Refsgaard (Eds), Distributed Hydrological Modelling. Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecht, 41–54.
+Refsgaard, J. C., Storm, B., Refsgaard, A., 1995. Validation and applicability of distributed hydrological models. In: Modelling and Management of Sustainable Basin-scale Water Resource Systems (Proceedings of a Boulder Symposium, July 1995). IAHS Publ. no. 231. pp. 387–397.
+Regmee, S. B., 2004. Water induced disasters in nepal: Recent trends and measures. In: International Symposium on Utilization of Disaster Information, Organizing and Sharing Disaster Information in Asian Country, JSECE, Publication No. 44. The Japan Society of Erosion Control Engineering.
+Richter, D., 1995. Ergebnisse methodischer Untersuchungen zur Korrektur des systematischen Messfehlers des Hellmann-Niederschlagsmessers. Berichte des Deutschen Wetterdienstes Nr. 194, Offenback am Main.
+Ring, P. J., Fisher, I. H., 1985. The effects of changes in land use on runoff from large catchments in the upper Macintyre Valley, NSW. In: Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium, Sydney, 14 -16 May, 1985. The Institution of Engineers, Australia, National Conference Publication 85/2:153-158. pp. 153–158.
+Sakai, A., Fujita, K., Kubota, J., 2004. Evaporation and percolation effect on melting at debris-covered Lirung Glacier, Nepal Himalayas, 1996. Bulletin of Glacier Research 21, 9–15.
+Sakai, A., Takeuchi, N., Fujita, K., Nakawo, M., 2000. Role of supraglacial ponds in the ablation process of a debris-covered glaciers in the Nepal Himalayas. In: Debris Covered Glaciers (Proceedings of a workshop held at Seattle, Washington, USA, September 2000). IAHS Publ. no. 265, 2000.
+Sangjun, I., Hyeonjun, K., Chulgyum, K., Cheolhee, J., 2009. Assessing the impacts of land use changes on watershed hydrology using MIKE SHE. Environmental Geology 57, 231–239.
+Scheffer, F., Schachtschabel, P., 1984. Lehrbuch der Bodenkunde. Enke Verlag. Stuttgart.
+Schelling, D., 1992. The tectonostratigraphy and structure of the Eastern Nepal Himalaya. Tectonics 11, 925–943.
+Schindler, D. W., 1997. Widespread effects of climatic warming on freshwater ecosystems in North America. Hydroloigical Processes 11, 1043–1067.
+Schneeberger, C., Blatter, H., Ayako, A., Wild, M., 2003. Modelling changes in the mass balance of glaciers of the northern hemisphere for a transient 2 X CO2 scenario. Journal of Hydrology 282, 145–163.
+Schulla, J., 1997. Hydrologische Modellierung von Flussgebieten zur Abschätzung der Folgen von Klimaänderungen. Ph.D. thesis, Geographisches Institut der ETH, Zürich.
+Searcy, J. K., 2002. Flow duration curves -Manual of hydrology, Part 2. Low ﬂow techniques. USGS, Water Supply Paper 1542-A.
+Sen, P. K., 1968. Estimates of the Regression Coefﬁcient based on Kendall’s Tau. Journal of American Statistical Association 63(324), 1379–1389.
+Sevruk, B., 1986. Correction of precipitation measurements, summary report. In: Sevruk, B. (Ed.), Correction Of Precipitation Measurements. ETH/IASH/WMO Workshop on the Correction of Precipitation Measurements, Zürich, April 1–3, 1985. Züricher Geographische Schriften 23, ETH, Geographisches Institut, Zürich, pp. 13–23.
+Sharma, K. P., 1993. Role of meltwater in major river systems of Nepal. In: Young, GJ (ed) International Symposium on Snow and Glacier Hydrology, Kathmandu, International Association of Hydrological Sciences, Publication No. 218, pp 113 -122. Wallingford (UK): IAHS.
+Sharma, K. P., 1997. Impact of land-use and climatic chagnes on hydrology of the Himalayan Basin: A case study of the Kosi Basin. Ph.D. thesis, University of New Hampshire.
+Sharma, K. P., Moore III, B., Vorosmarty, C. J., 2000a. Anthropogenic, Climatic and hydrological trends in the Kosi basin, Himalaya. Climate Change 47, 141–165.
+Sharma, K. P., Vorosmarty, C. J., Moore, B., 2000b. Sensitivity of the Himalayan Hydrology to Land-use and Climatic Changes. Climate Change 47, 117–139.
+Shiga Declaration, 2002. Shiga Declaration on Forests and Water. Tech. rep., International Expert Meeting on Forests and Water 20-22 November 2002, Shiga, Japan.
+Shiklomanov, A. I., Yakovleva, T. I., Lammers, R. B., Karasev, I. P., Vörösmarty, C. J., Linder, E., Jul. 2006. Cold region river discharge uncertainty-estimates from large Russian rivers. Journal of Hydrology 326, 231–256.
+Shiraiwa, T., Ueno, K., Yamada, T., 1992. Distribution of mass input on glaciers in the Langtang Valley Nepal Himalayas. Bulletin of Glacier Research 10, 21–30.
+Shrestha, A. B., Eriksson, M., Mool, P., Ghimire, P., Mishra, B., Khanal, N. R., 2010. Glacial lake outburst ﬂood risk assessment of Sun Koshi basin, Nepal. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk 1(2), 157–169.
+Shrestha, A. B., Wake, C. P., Dibb, J. E., Mayewski, P. A., 2000. Precipitation ﬂuctuations in the Nepal Himalaya and its vicinity and relationship with some large-scale climatology parameters. International journal of Climatology 20, 317–327.
+Shrestha, A. B., Wake, C. P., Mayewski, P. A., Dibb, J. E., 1999. Maximum Temperature Trends in the Himalaya and Its Vicinity: An Analysis Based on Temperature Records from Nepal for the Period 1971-94. International journal of Climatology 12, 2775–2787.
+Shrestha, D. P., 1997. Assessment of soil erosion in the Nepalese Himalaya, a case study in Likhu Khola Valley, Middle Mountain region. . Land Husbandary, 94 (3), 2:59–80.
+Shrestha, T. B., 1989. Development of Ecology of the Arun River Basin in Nepal. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Kathmandu, Nepal.
+Silveira, L., 1997. Multivariate analysis in hydrology: the factor correspondence analysis method applied to annual rainfall data. Hydrological Sciences-Journal-des Sciences Hydrologiques 42(2), 215–224.
+Singh, M. P., Singh, J. K., Mohanka, R., 2000. Forest Environment and Biodiversity. Daya Publishing House, New Delhi.
+Singh, P., Bengtsson, L., 2004. Hydrological sensitivity of a large Himalayan basin to climate change. Hydrological Processes 18 (13), 2363–2385.
+Singh, P., Jain, S. K., 2006. Snow and glacier melt in the Satluj river at Bhakra Dam in the western Himalayan region. Journal of Hydrology 326, 199–214.
+Singh, P., Kumar, N., 1997. Impact assessment of climate change on the hydrological response of a snow and glacier melt runoff dominated Himalayan river. Journal of Hydrology 193 (1-4), 316–350.
+Singh, P., Ramasastri, K. S., Kumar, N., 1995. Topographical Inﬂuence on precipitation distribution in different ranges of Western Himalaya. Nordic Hydrology 26, 259–284.
+Singh, P., Singh, V. P., 2001. Snow and Glacier Hydrology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.
+Singh, V. P., Frevert, D. K. E., 2002. Mathematical models of small watershed hydrology and applications. Water Resources Publications, Highlands Ranch, Colorado.
+Siriwardena, L., Finlayson, B. L., McMahon, T. A., 2006. The impact of land use change on catchment hydrology in large catchments: The Comet River, Central Queensland, Australia. Journal of Hydrology 326, 199–214.
+Smith, R. B., 1979. The inﬂuence of mountains on the atmosphere. Advances in Geophysics 21, 87–
+.
+Soerensen, R., Zinko, U., Seibert, J., 2006. On the calculation of the topographic wetness index: evaluation of different methods based on ﬁeld observations. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 10, „ 101–112.
+Souvignet, M., 2011. Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources in Mountainous Arid Zones: A case study in the Central Andeas, Chile. Ph.D. thesis, University of Leipzig.
+Spear, R. C., Hornberger, G. M., 1980. Eutrophication in Peel Inlet, II, Identiﬁcation of critical uncertainties via generalized sensitivity analysis. Water Resources Research 14, 43–49.
+Staudenarausch, H., 2001. Untersuchungen zur hydrologischen Topolo-gie von Landschaftsobjekten fuer die distributive Flussgebi-etsmodellierung. Tech. rep., Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena.
+Stocking, M. A., 1984. Rates of erosion and sediment yield in the African environment. Challenges in African Hydrology and Water Resources. In: Walling, D. E., Foster, S. S. D., Wurzel, P. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Harare Symposium. International Association of Scientiﬁc Hydrology (IASHAIHS), pp. 285–295.
+Tartari, G., Verza, G., Bertolami, L., 1998. Meteorological data at the Pyramid Observatory Laboratory (Khumbu Valley, Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal). In: A. Lami & G. Giussani (Eds), Limnology of high altitude lakes in the Mt. Everest Region (Nepal). Mem. Ist. ital. Idrobiol., 57: 23-40.
+Tessema, S. M., 2011. Hydrological modeling as a tool for sustainable water resources management: a case study of the Awash River basin. Tech. rep., TRITA LWR.LIC 2056.
+Thakur, P. K., Tamrakar, N. K., 2001. Geomorphology, sedimentology, and hazard assessment of the Sapta Kosi alluvial fan in eastern Nepal. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 24 (Special Issue), 29–30.
+Thanapakpawin, P., Richey, P. J., Thomas, D., Rodda, S., Campbell, B., Logsdon, M., 2007. Effects of land use change on the hydrologic regime of the Mae Chaem river basin, NW Thailand. Journal of Hydrology 334, 215–230.
+Thomson, M., Warburton, M., 1985. Uncertainty on a Himalayan Scale. Mountain Research Development 5 (2), 115–135.
+Thomson, M., Warburton, M., Haltey, T., 2006. Uncertainty on a Himalayan Scale. Himal Books, Kathmandu.
+Tisseuil, C., Vrac, M., Lek, S., Wade, A. J., 2010. Statistical downscaling of river ﬂows. Journal of hydrology 385, 279–291.
+Tiwari, P. C., 2000. Land-use changes in Himalaya and their impact on the plains ecosystem: need for sustainable land use. Land Use Policy 17, 101–111.
+Ueno, K., Toyotsu, K., Bertolani, L., Tartari, G., 2008. Stepwise onset of monsoon weather observed in the nepal himalaya. Monthly Weather Review 136 (7), 2507–2522.
+Uhlenbrook, S., 1999. Untersuchung und Modellierung der Abﬂussbildung in einem mesoskaligen Einzugsgebiet. Ph.D. thesis, Freiburger Schriften zur Hydrologie, Institut für Hydrologie, Univerität Freiburg.
+Upreti, B. N., 1999. An overview of the stratigraphy and tectonics of the Nepal Himalaya. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 17, 577–606.
+Vehvilaeinen, B., 1992. Snow cover models in operational watershed forecasting. Yhteenveto: Lumimallit vesistöjen ennustemalleissa. Publications of the Water and Environment Research Institute
+. National Board of Waters and the Environment. Finland, Helsinki.
+Viessman, W., Lewis, G. L., 2003. Introduction to hydrology. New York, Intext Educational Publishers.
+Virgo, K. J., Subba, K. J., 1994. Land use change between 1978 and 1990 in Dhankuta District, Koshi Hills, Eastern Nepal. Mountain Research Development 14 (2), 159–170.
+Vogel, R. M., Fennessey, N. M., 1995. Flow duration curves II: A review of applications in water resources planning. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 31(6), 1029–1039.
+Wagener, T., Lees, M. J., Wheater, H. S., 2001. Monte-Carlo Analysis Toolbox User Manual. Tech. rep., Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine.
+Walder, J. S., Costa, J. E., 1996. Outburst ﬂoods from glacier-dammed lakes: the effect of mode of lake drainage on ﬂood magnitude. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 21(8), 701–723.
+Walder, J. S., Fountain, A. G., 1997. Glacier generated ﬂoods. In: Proceedings of the Conference held at Anaheim, California, June 1996). IAHS Publ. no. 239, 1997.
+Walker, W. E., Harremoees, P., Rotmans, J., Van Der Sluijs, J. P., Van, Asselt, M. B. A., Janssen, P., , Krayer von Krauss, M. P., 2003. Deﬁning uncertainty: A conceptual basis for uncertainty management in model-based decision support. Integrated Assessment 4(1), 5–17.
+Walling, D. E., 1999. Linking land use, erosion and sediments yields in river basins. Hydrobiologia 410, 223–240.
+Walling, D. E., 2001. The Impact of Global Change on Erosion and Sediment Transport by Rivers: Current Progress and Future Challenges. Tech. rep., United Nations Educational, Scientiﬁc and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
+Wasson, R. J., 2003. A sediment budget for the Ganga Brahmaputra catchment. Current Science 84
+(8) PART 8, 1041–1047.
+Wasson, R. J., Juyal, N., Jaiswal, M., McCullochd, M., Sarinb, M. M., Jaine, V., Srivastavac, P., Singhvi, A. K., 2008. The mountain-lowland debate: Deforestation and sediment transport in the upper Ganga catchment. Journal of Environmental Management 88, 53–61.
+Watson, R. T., Verardo, D. J., 2000. Land Use, Land Use Changes and Forestry. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
+Watson, R. T., Zinyowera, M. C., Moss, R. H., 1996. Climate Change 1995: Impacts, adaptations, and mitigation of climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
+WECS, 2011. Koshi River Basin Management Strategic Plan (2011-2021). Tech. rep., Water and Energy Commission Secretariat, Government of Nepal.
+Weichel, T., Pappenberger, F., Schulz, K., 2007. Sensitivity and uncertainty in ﬂood inundation modelling – concept of an analysis framework. Advance Geoscience 11, 31–36.
+Wessolek, G., 1993. Erarbeitung eines Schlüssels zur Abschätzung von Versickerung und Oberﬂächenabﬂuss versiegelter Flächen Berlins. Tech. rep., Unveröffentlicher Bericht im Auftrag der Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde. Berlin.
+Whetton, P. H., Fowler, A. M., Haylock, M. R., Pittock, A. B., 1993. Implications of climate change due to the enhanced greenhouse effect on ﬂoods and droughts in Australia. Climate Change 25, 289–317.
+Wilby, R. L., Hay, L. E., Leavesley, G. H., 1999. A comparison of downscaled and raw GCM output: implications for climate change scenarios in the San Juan River Basin, Colorado. Journal of Hydrology 225, 67–91.
+Wilk, J., 2002. Simulating the impacts of land-use and climate change on water resource a availability for a large south Indian catchment. Hydrological Sciences 47(1), 19–30.
+Wilk, J., Andersson, L., Plemkamon, V., 2001. Hydrological impacts of forest conversion to agriculture in a large river basin in northeast Thailand. Hydrological process Processes 15, 2729–2748.
+WMO, 1988. Analyzing long time series of hydrological data with respect to climate variability, Project description, WCAP -3. Tech. rep., World Meteorological Organisation.
+Yasunari, T., 1976. Seasonal weather variations in Khumbu Himal. Seppyo, 38, Special Issue., 74–83.
+Yasunari, T., Inoue, J., 1978. Characteristics of monsoonal precipitation around peaks and ridges in Shorong and Khumbu Himal. Seppyo 40 special issue, 26–14.
+Zhang, L., Dawes, W. R., Walker, G. R., 1999. Predicting the Effect of Vegetation Changes on Catchment Average Water Balance. Technical report 99/12, 35pp., Cooperative Research Centre for Catchment Hydrology.
+=Bibliography and Further Reading=